Part One 科技论文写作英语句型库 一、摘要 This paper derives the… This paper puts forward a new method to … 二、引文 1．研究目的（研究目的（purpose of the study） This problem concerned (deals, bears)(briefly, meanly, largely) with … This is a problem relating to … Our work is devoted to… The Primery goal of the present research is.. The work presented in this paper focuses in… The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of … The chief aim of study is … The laboratory study demonstrates (suggestes, indicates, reveals, establishes) … Doing this work, we intend (hope, expect, attempt) to… Carry out (undertaking, performing, initiating) this study, we hope to … The principal purpose (objective, task) of the present (preliminery, further) work is to investage the features of (mechanisms involved in, effects prodused by) … 2．背景和历史（背景和历史（background and history） This problem was (first) advanced by … The Problem under discussion was formulated ( raised, posed, brought up, put forward) by … Since then the problem has attracted (fascinated) many scientists (workers in this field) .. This problem has been clarified (e;usidated, solved) … The problem as can be seen (is to know) is (still) poorly (inadequately) understood. Compared with the current research, the previous work was in connection with … The work we are doing is closely related to the deliberations described in … The new findings from the experiment agree well with the results obtained in … Several (numerous, many, few) studies are made (carried out, performed) to elucidate the nature (understand the behavior, reveal the cause) of … Astudy of the the kind has (never) been made (until now, until a few years ago) 3．问题的难易程度（问题的难易程度（difficulty of the problem） It seems (exceedingly, enormously) difficulty to obtain knowledge of the problem … It proves (totally, quite) impossible (unrealistic) to try … It is rather difficulte to solve the problem … The problem is rather involved … The problem involves (cetain, tremendous) difficulties. It is easy to present (reveal, analyze, discuss) the problem in all its complexity (in every detail). It is no easy task to gain a insight into the intricate detail of … 4．问题的范围（问题的范围（scope of the problem） The main aspect (core, essence) of problem is … Studies of these effects cover various aspects of … Our studies with this technique confine to … The problem is within the scope of … Our problem lies beyond the range of … 二、正文 1．理论说明（理论说明（theoretical explanations） Our theory is based on the assumption that … This theory proceeds from the idea (principle) of … The underlying concept of the theory is as follows. There is a similar (alternative, tentative) theory that … The basic (essential, fundamental) feature of this theory is … The object of this theory is to … The newly advanced theory has some advantages (assets, strong points, positive features, deficiencies, drawback, inadequacies, flaws, shortcomings) . The validity of the theory has become obvious in the light of recent findings. This newly-developed theory finds experimental support .. The theory received universal recognition (general acceptance). 2．公式推导（公式推导（formulas derivation） … is given by: … as follows: … as in the following: … the following equation is obtained. … this becomes therefore, we have … can be expressed as … can be derived: … can be written: … can be described by … … can be represented as 3．方法介绍（方法介绍（method introduction） the method of … was first developed by … the method of …came into use as long ago as the original proposal of this method was first published in … the method we used differs from the conventional one. The newly-elaborated technique is different from the one previously used. The method is now greatly improved. … The procedure we followed has certain advantages over the existing method. One of the assets of the technique is its simplicity (reliability, sensitivity). Another good feature of this method is … This method allows us to demonstrate … The above procedure makes it possible to evaluate … This method is capable of providing … 4．实验描述（实验描述（experiment description） We made (carried out, performed, initiated ) this experiment to show (demonstrate, elucidate, evaluate) a correlation between (certain phenomena, the mechanism of, the hypothesis of, some features of )… Experiments on … are made (underway) to … Earlier (previous) experiments with this technique were intended (designed, designated) to … The experiments reported here demonstrate a variety of changes in (a correlation between, a much resistance to) … Our experiment support our assumption (hypothesis, evidence) that … Recent experiments with … furnish some new information (for the data, new evidence) about the mechanism (the influence) of … Further experiments in this area lead us to conclude (believe, suggest) that … From these experiments we can conclude that … 三、结论 1．结果的意义（结果的意义（meaning of the results） The results presented in this paper are (seem) … The findings reported here is (quite) striking (remarkable, fascinating). These preliminary findings are very reliable (encouraging, promising. Convincing, ambiguous) The results reported here prove (confirm, suport, bear out) the hypothesis (assumption, observation) that … The above findings can be viewed (approached) as follows (in terms of.., from other standpoint). We can consider (interpret, look at) these results as fully reliable (consistent with) … This fruitful work gives explanation to … 2．导致结论（导致结论（Conclusion deduced） Our findings suggests that … These findings lead the auther to a conclusion that … Our data leave open the question of whether … In the future, we will extend the persent studies to … Our work has contributed to the understanding of … The research work has brought about a discovery of … Further progress can be provided by this experiment. 四 常用语句 1． It has been generally accepted that … could be … As mentioned above, …. It is emphasized that … 2．时间 In recent years, there are … Part Two Paper Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by [] 48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 49. The approach taken by [] is 50. The system developed by [] consists 51. A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52. []'s model requires consideration of... 53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. []'s model focuses on... 55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to 56. The published information that is relevant to this research... 57. This study further shows that 58. Their work is based on the principle of 59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979]. 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. . Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex Part Three Others 1、对……作一分析/研究/比较 make an analysis of … make a study of … make a comparison of A with/and B make a comparison between A and B 2、对……作一介绍/描述/解释 give an introduction to … give a description of … give an explanation of … 3、对……的研究/分析/比较表明…… A study of … shows that… An analysis of … shows that… 4、我们必须…… It is necessary for us to do… We must do… 5、我们能够…… It is possible for us to do… We can do… We are able to do… We are capable of doing… We are in a position to do… 6、值得注意的是…… It is worth noting that… What is worth noting is that… 7、必须解这个方程把未知数求出来。 It is necessary to solve the equation for the unknown. 8、直接应用这个定律我们就可以得到…… Direct application of this law yields/gives/produces/results in/leads to… By direct application of this law we obtain/have/get… 9、可取的/恰当的做法是…… It is well/proper/appropriate to do… 10、我们想要…… We wish to do… One wishes to do… It is desired to do… 11、本书已经出版三年了。 It is/has been three years since this book was published. This book was published three years ago. 12、已知……，我们就能求出…… Given…, we can find out… Knowing…, we can find out… 13、现有的数据 the data available the data we have/possess the existing data the current data 14、该理论认为…… The theory holds/maintains/claims/implies that… 15、所产生/得到的方程 the resulting equation the resultant equation the equation which results 16、因此，…… So, … Thus, … Therefore, … Hence, … As a result, … It follows that… …so that… …such that… 17、有证据表明…… There is evidence that… There is evidence to show/indicate/suggest that… 18、（存在）有…… There is/are… …is/are available/present, There is/are present/available… 19、显然…… It is clear/obvious/evident/apparent/transparent that… Clearly/Obviously/Evidently/Apparently/Transparently, … …is/are in evidence, 20、要是没有…… But for… Were it not for… If there were no… Without… 21、下面，…… In what follows, … In what is to follow, … In the following, … 22、我们具有…… We have/possess/are in possession of… 23、A随B变化的曲线图 the graph/plot of A as a function of B A versus/against B the dependence of A on B the variation of A with B 24、本章论述了…… This chapter deals with… treats… describes… discusses… involves… covers… concerns… bears on… This chapter is devoted to… concerned with… confined to… 25、这个理论来源于…… The theory comes/stems/emerges/originates from… The theory is obtained/provided/furnished from… 26、这一方法与现有的方法相比有许多优点。 This method has many advantages over those available. the existing ones. This method is advantageous in many aspects (as) compared with those available. the existing ones. 27、……得到了广泛应用。 …is/are widely used. …is/are in wide use. …is/are widely in use. …find(s) wide use/applications. 28、这个参数表明…… This parameter is an indication of… This parameter gives an indication of… This parameter is indicative of… This parameter indicates… 29、该实验未能说明…… The experiment failed to show/demonstrate… The experiment has not shown/demonstrated… 30、我们做了许多实验来检验这一理论。 We have performed/done/made/conducted a number of experiment to test/verify/prove/check the theory. 31、把M代入N，（我们）得到…… Substituting M in/into N, we have/obtain/get… Substituting M in/into N gives/produces/yields/results in/leads to… Substitution of M in/into N gives/produces/yields/results in/leads to… 32、与……成正/反比 be directly/inversely proportional to… vary directly/inversely with… depend directly/inversely as… be in direct/inverse proportion to… 33、所得结果与计算机模拟相吻合。 The result obtained agrees with the computer simulation. is in agreement with is consistent with is in line with fits into 34、输入可用下面的等式表示。 The input can be represented by the following equation. expressed given denoted 35、毫无疑问…… There is no doubt/question that… Beyond doubt/question, … Without doubt/question, … No/Out of doubt, … 36、这种方法的突出优点之一在于它很简单。 One of / Among the great advantages of this method is its simplicity. One of / Among the great advantages of this method is that it is very simple. 37、……保持不变。 …remain(s)/stay(s) constant. unchanged. fixed. unaltered. the same. …is/are kept/held/maintained/left constant/the same. 38、这些数据帮助我们得出结论…… These data lead us to a conclusion that… conclude that… These data enable us to conclude that… On the basis of these data, one/we can conclude that… From these data, it can be concluded that… 39、这个方程适用于…… This equation holds for holds true for is true for is valid for applies to 40、这与……没有（几乎没有；有一点；有很多）共同之处。 This has nothing/little/something/much in common with… 41、A与B之间的关系可用C表示。 A and B are related by C. A is related to B by C. The relation(ship) between A and B can be given/expressed/denoted/represented by C. 42、我们成功地…… We have succeeded in doing… been successful in doing… successfully done… 43、最好是…… It is (most) desirable to do… It is (most) desirable that… It wound be best if… 44、前面的例子表明…… The previous example shows… preceding foregoing 45、（本文）对……作了研究/分析。 A study/An analysis has been made of… 46、这引起了…… This causes… results in… leads to… brings about… gives rise to… 47、这是由……引起的。 This is due to… results from… arises from… is caused by… is the result of… 48、其数值范围为0.3-0.9。 Its values range/vary from 0.3 to 0.9. Its values range/vary between 0.3 and 0.9. 49、……在……范围之内/外。 … falls within/beyond… comes goes lies is 50、这一点应引起我们的重视/关注。 This should attract our attention. arouse gain receive have 51、问题的关键是…… The key to the problem is… The crux of the problem is… heart essence main aspect 52、这需要进一步研究。 This deserves/bears/requires/demands/calls for further research/effort/study/work/investigation. 53、……分成两大类。 …fall into two major classes. are divided into general groups. are classified into broad kinds. are of main types. categories. There are two major groups… general classes… broad categories… main 54、在下一章，…… In the following/subsequent/next chapter… In the chapter which follows… to follow… 55、……曾提出了这个问题。 …put forward this problem. raised posed advanced formulated brought up 56、他们根据……而提出了这一理论。 They put forward this theory, which is based on… developed rests on… proposed proceeds from… advanced suggested created constructed formulated elaborated 57、该方程表明…… This equation indicates… implies… shows… suggests… demonstrates… reveals… establishes… bears out… 58、该项研究的主要目的在于…… The chief aim of the study is… main purpose primary object major objective principal goal The study has been started in the hope of/that… with the view to do… in order to do… to the end that… so that… The study is intended/designed to do… Performing the study we hope that… intend to do… expect to do… 59、……的体积各不相同。 …are different in size (=are of different sizes). …vary /differ in size. …come in different/various sizes. 60、这是与……有关的问题。 This is a problem concerned with… concerning… related to… relating to… dealing with… bearing on… The End