2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.
译:
Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
译:
But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
译:
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, andthey share their food readily.
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译:
Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
译:
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study.
译:
The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.
译:
However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
译:
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In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.
译:
And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.
译:
Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
译:
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.
译:
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Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.
译:
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
译:
21.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.[A]posing a contrast[B]justifying an assumption[C]making a comparison[D]explaining a phenomenon
22.The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.[A]monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B]resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature
[C]monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D]no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.[A]more inclined to weigh what they get[B]attentive to researchers’ instructions[C]nice in both appearance and temperament[D]more generous than their male companions
24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.[A]prefer grapes to cucumbers[B]can be taught to exchange things[C]will not be co-operative if feeling cheated[D]are unhappy when separated from others
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25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
重点单词与总结:
Text 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain?
译:
That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
译:
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There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.
译:
The latestwas a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.
译:
The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers.
译:
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
译:
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.
译:
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This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
译:
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously.
译:
Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research—a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.
译:
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate.
译:
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If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures.
译:
A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start.
译:
Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
译:
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________. [A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death [B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant [C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life [D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________. [A] a protector [B] a judge [C] a critic [D] a guide
28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)? [A] Endless studies kill action. [B] Careful investigation reveals truth. [C] Prudent planning hinders progress.
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[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming? [A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. [B] Raise public awareness of conservation. [C] Press for further scientific research. [D] Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ______. [A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence [B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former [C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former [D] both of them have turned from bad to worse
重点单词与总结:
Text 3
Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control.
译:
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In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.
译:
A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.
译:
Now researcherssuspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.”
译:
And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.
译:
“It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”
译:
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Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.
译:
But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet.
译:
“We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
译:
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
译:
Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events—until, it appears, we begin to dream.
译:
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And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.
译:
As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
译:
At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says.
译:
Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety.
译:
Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.
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译:
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________. [A] can be modified in their courses [B] are susceptible to emotional changes [C] reflect our innermost desires and fears [D] are a random outcome of neural repairs
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________. [A] its function in our dreams [B] the mechanism of REM sleep [C] the relation of dreams to emotions [D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________. [A] aggravate in our unconscious mind [B] develop into happy dreams [C] persist till the time we fall asleep [D] show up in dreams early at night
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams [B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control [C] dreams should be left to their natural progression [D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams? [A] Lead your life as usual. [B] Seek professional help. [C] Exercise conscious control. [D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
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重点单词与总结:
Text 4
Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift.
译:
Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
译:
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education.
译:
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Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
译:
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music.
译:
While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.
译:
Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. 译:
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Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable.
译:
But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care.
译:
As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
译:
He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
译:
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers.
译:
Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.
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译:
We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
译:
36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________. [A] is inevitable in radical education reforms [B] is but all too natural in language development [C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture [D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s 37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________. [A] modesty [B] personality [C] liveliness [D] informality
38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree? [A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. [B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English. [C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. [D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________. [A] interest in their language [B] appreciation of their efforts [C] admiration for their memory [D] contempt for their old-fashionedness
40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________. [A] “temporary” is to “permanent” [B] “radical” is to “conservative” [C] “functional” is to “artistic”
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[D] “humble” is to “noble” 重点单词与总结: 2005年答案与解析 Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Text 1 一、文章题材结构分析 本文选自2003年9月18日The Economist《经济学家》,原文标题是Moral Monkeys(具有道德感的猴子)。 这是一篇议论文。这是一篇关于动物行为与动物心理的文章。文章首段通过首先介绍人憎恨不公平的行为现象引出猴子和人一样也有这种情感,第二、三、四段通过一些研究者对雌性猴子的行为进行了研究论证具体论证了这一观点。最后一段在以上研究的基础进一步对这一结论做出了说明。 18
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二、试题解析
21.在文章开始段落,作者引入主题的方法是________。 [A] 提出一个对比 [B] 证明一种假定是正确的 [C] 进行类比 [D] 解释一种现象 【答案】 C 【考点】主旨大意 【难度系数】0.246
【解析】 本题考查考生对第一段内容的理解及作者引出主题的方式。第一段首先谈到一个关于人行为的案例:当知道懒散的同事拿到比自己更多的薪水时,每个人都会很气愤,接着指出,人会对不公正待遇感到愤怒,并被认为只有人才能够有这样一种感受,实际上是假定了其他动物没有这种高度发达的不满情绪,接下来作者话锋一转,指出:研究表明,猴子也有这种感受。从后面的内容可以看出文章的中心就是讨论的猴子具有的这种情感,显然猴子和人的这种情感是类似的,作者是用一种类比的手法引出中心论点的,故答案为C。其中A项contrast意思是对照,是比较两个事物的不同点,强调不同之处,不符合原文的人与猴子是相似的说法。
22.(第一段最后一行)的句子“it is all too monkey”意味着_________。 [A] 猴子也会被懒散的对手激怒 [B] 怨恨不公平也是猴子的天性 [C] 和人一样,猴子也往往相互妒忌
[D] 除了猴子,没有其他动物可以产生这样的情感 【答案】 B 【考点】词义句意 【难度系数】0.368
【解析】解答本题的信息在第一段。作者在第一段谈到人类对不公平的待遇表现不满时正常的,而且是人都会做出这种反应(all too human)。接着提到在《自然》杂志上发表的一篇关于动物行为的文章,说明动物在类似的情况下也会有这种反应(all too monkey)。文章在接下来的段落中并以雌性卷尾猴中所做的研究的发现证明了动物与人类在这个问题上的共性,由此我们可以得出答案为B。 23.雌卷尾猴被选来做研究最有可能是因为它们_______。 [A] 更喜欢权衡比较她们所得到的东西 [B] 注意听从研究者的指令 [C] 外表和性情都很好 [D] 比雄卷尾猴慷慨 【答案】 A 【考点】事实细节 【难度系数】0.383
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【解析】 本题信息在文章第二段。第二段中说到雌性棕色卷尾猴的特点是:娇小可爱,性格温和,乐于合作,并乐意分享食物。最重要的是,和女性人类一样,它们比雄性更注重“物品与服务”的价值。接着作者在下一段的首句提出,正是这些特征使得它们成为Brosnan博士和de Waal博士所做研究的最佳样本,显然这里提到的特征正是上面所说的,其其中注重物品和服务的价值是最重要的,即是更喜欢权衡所得到的东西,故答案为A。
24.布卢斯南博士和德·瓦尔博士最终在研究中发现猴子________。 [A] 喜欢葡萄甚于喜欢黄瓜 [B] 可以被教会交换物品 [C] 如果觉得受了欺骗就不会合作 [D] 如果与其他猴子分开就会不高兴 【答案】 C 【考点】事实细节 【难度系数】0.805
【解析】 本题信息在最后一段,最后一段指出:跟人类一样,卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外,它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时,这种合作才可能稳定。有这句话,容易得出答案为C。
25.根据最后一段我们可以推知什么? [A] 通过训练,猴子可以形成社会情感。 [B] 人类的愤怒源自什么不得而知。 [C] 动物通常像人类一样公开表达其情感。 [D] 猴子间的合作只有在野外才能保持稳定。 【答案】 B 【考点】推理判断 【难度系数】0.584
【解析】本题信息在最后一段,末段第六句谈到“但是这种公平感时在卷尾猴和人类身上各自演化成,还是来自三千五百万年前他们共同祖先,这还是一个悬而未决的问题”。从这句话可以得出答案为B。
三、长难句分析
1. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
【解析】逗号之后的介词短语with the underlying assumption作伴随状语,assumption后面的that引导一个同位语从句,解释前面的名词assumption。
【译文】这样的行为被看作是“人之常情”,它潜在的假定是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不满意识。 2. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
【解析】句子的主干是a study…suggests that…。其中主语study有两个定语 :一个是介词结构by Sarah
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Brosnan and Frans de Waal;另一个是which引导的非限定性定语从句。谓语动词suggests后面的that引导一个宾语从句。
【译文】但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的萨拉·布鲁斯南和弗兰·德·瓦尔进行的一项研究却表明,它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。
3.However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
【解析】本句的主语很复杂,由or连接的两个whether引导的名词性从句充当,or后面的名词性从句中还有一个that引导的定语从句修饰ancestor;谓语由系动词is+表语(an unanswered question)构成。as yet是一个插入语,意思是“至今”。
【译文】但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自演化而成,还是来自三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先,这至今还是一个有待回答的问题。
【补充】本句的主语由两个并列的名词性从句充当。
四、核心词与超纲词
1. a fat pay rise 2. vanish 4. slack 5. outrage
3. reputation
丰厚的加薪 v. 消失,不复存在 n. 名声,名望 adj. 懈怠的,懒散的
n./ v. 暴行;激怒,引起……义愤 adj. 潜在的,含蓄的
n. 假定,设想 n. 怨愤,不平;抱怨 和蔼的,和善的
n. 极相似的人或物,对应的人或物 n. 候选人,应试者
n. 象征的东西,代币 adj. 毗连的
作为(对……的)交换/ 报答/ 回报 adv. 显著地,明显地 v. 扔,抛 n. 愤恨,怨恨
adj. 正当的,正直的,公正的 v. 保存,保护 n. 报酬,奖金 v. 逐渐形成,进化 源于……,由……造成
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6. underlying 7. assumption 8. grievance 9. good-natured 10. counterpart 11. candidate 12. token
13. adjoining 14. in return for 15. markedly 16. toss
17. resentment 18. righteous 19. preserve 20. reward 21. evolve
22. stem from
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五、全文翻译
人人都喜欢丰厚的加薪,但是当你得知一位同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候,那么加薪带给你的喜悦就消失得无影无踪了。事实上,如果他还有懒散的名声的话,你甚至变得义愤填膺。这样的行为被看作是“人之常情”,它潜在的假定是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不满意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的萨拉·布鲁斯南和弗兰·德·瓦尔进行的一项研究却表明,它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。
研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。这些猴子看起来很可爱,她们生性温和,乐于合作,并且乐意分享食物。最重要的是,像人类女性一样,它们往往比雄性更注重“物品和服务”的价值。 这些特点使它们成为布鲁斯南博士和德·瓦尔博士理想的研究对象。两位研究人员花了两年时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下,猴子非常乐意用石块交换黄瓜片。但是,当两只猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里,能够互相看见对方用石块换回来什么东西时,猴子的行为就会变得明显不同。 在卷尾猴的世界里,葡萄是奢侈品(比黄瓜受欢迎得多)。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时,第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币只换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无须用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话,那么另一只猴子就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外,或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上,只要在另一房间出现了葡萄(不管有没有猴子吃它),都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人员指出,正如人类一样,卷尾猴也受社会情感的支配。在野外,它们是协作、群居的物种。只有当每只猴子都感到自己没有受到欺骗时,这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其他成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自演化而成,还是来自三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先,这至今还是一个有待回答的问题。
Text 2
一、文章题材结构分析
本文选自2001年6月25日US News & World Report《美国新闻及世界报道》,原文标题是Warming to the Task(“赛前热身”——为全球变暖做好充分准备)。
这是一篇环保题材的议论文。文章第一段先谈到一个与主题相类似的教训——对吸烟有害健康的争论导致了上千万人过早的进入了坟墓。第二、三段把全球变暖问题和吸烟进行类比,说明现在环境问题面临着当初和吸烟同样的情况并呼吁人类采取措施。最后两段谈到对这一问题的最新进展,白宫开始关注这个问题。
二、试题解析
26.支持吸烟的人提出的一个论点是 。 [A] 没有科学证据证明吸烟和死亡间的关系 [B] 过去几十年里因吸烟过早死亡的人数屈指可数
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[C] 人们有选择自己的生活方式的自由 [D] 反对吸烟的人常常在胡说八道 【答案】 C 【考点】事实细节 【难度系数】0.108
【解析】 文章第一段谈到支持吸烟人的人说:还记得科学家们认为吸烟会使我们丧命,而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为证据不确凿,科学也不确定的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了破坏我们的生活方式,而应该置身事外的时候吗?从这段话可以看出,支持吸烟者认为吸烟是个人的生活方式的选择,而反吸烟就是对个人生活方式选择的干涉,由此得出答案为C。
27.根据布鲁斯·艾伯特的观点,科学可以充当 。 [A] 保护者 [B] 裁决者 [C] 评论者 [D] 指导者 【答案】 D 【考点】事实细节 【难度系数】0.82
【解析】 文章在第二段末鲁斯·艾伯特谈到科学时说“科学无法解答所有的问题。但科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导,我们的国家和整个世界在做重要决策时,应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响的最佳判断作为依据,这十分关键。”由这句话显然可以得出科学应该是为我们未来行动提供指导,故答案为D。
28.作者通过“paralysis by analysis”表达的含义是什么? [A] 无止境的研究扼杀了行动。 [B] 仔细的调查揭示。 [C] 谨慎的计划阻碍发展。 [D] 广泛的研究有益于做出决定。 【答案】 A 【考点】词义句意 【难度系数】0.57
【解析】文章中出现这一词组的语境为:幸运的是,白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并
没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划,相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究——这是一个经典的“paralysis by analysis”的案例。从语境可以判断出该词组是对前面谈到没有出台行动计划,继续迫切要求更多研究的行为的形容。四个选项中,能表达这一意思的只有A项,故答案为A。 29.作者认为对全球变暖的问题应做些什么? [A] 为修建更清洁的发电厂提供帮助。 [B] 提高公众的保护意识。
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[C] 迫切要求进一步的科学研究。 [D] 采取一些立法措施。 【答案】 D 【考点】推理判断 【难度系数】0.761
【解析】文章末段谈到在面对这一环境问题说“如果没有先行立法此事,国会就应当开始帮助制定保护措施”。显然这个条件从句透露作者是认为应该采取立法措施,故答案为D。 30.作者把全球变暖问题与吸烟问题联系起来是因为 。 [A] 两个问题都被忽视
[B] 从吸烟问题中吸取的教训也适用于全球变暖问题 [C] 吸烟问题产生的后果加剧了全球变暖 [D] 两个问题都变得越来越严重 【答案】 B 【考点】推理判断 【难度系数】0.488
【解析】 本题考查考生对全文的理解,并在此基础上做出推断的能力。作者在文章里将全球变暖问题与吸烟问题联系起来,题目要求判断两者联系的原因。在有关吸烟问题的争论中,由于反对者认为科学研究提供的证据不足,因而继续吸烟,结果导致了上千万人的过早离开世间。给人的警示是:不能等到问题有了百分之百的证据才采取措施,那样一切都晚了。作者是希望人们从有关吸烟的争论所给予的警示钟吸取教训,对待地球变暖的问题上不要再犯同样的错误。故答案为B。
三、长难句分析
1. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.
【解析】 本句的主干是The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences。过去分词短语enlisted by the White House作后置定语,修饰前面的名词panel;不定式短语to tell us that …也做名词panel的定语,其中tell后面接两个以that 引导的并列宾语从句。
【译文】 最近白宫召集了来自国家科学院的专家团,他们告诉我们,地球毫无疑问正在变暖,而且这个问题主要是人为造成的。
2. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policieson the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
【解析】本句包含and 连接的两个并列分句,其中第一个分句中的does表示强调;第二个分句中的it是形式主语,critical后面的that引导的从句是真正的主语;在主语从句中,judgments后面接了一个that引导的定语从句that science can provide,而provide后面的分词结构concerning…也修饰judgments作定语。
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【译文】 但科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导,我们的国家和整个世界在做重要决策时,应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响的最佳判断作为依据,这十分关键。
3. Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.
【解析】本句的主干是voices now come from many quarters,现在分词短语insisting…作伴随状语,insisting后面接了两个以 that引导的宾语从句,其中第二个宾语从句还包含以until引导的时间状语从句。 【译文】 就像吸烟问题一样,来自不同方面人士的观点坚持认为有关全球气候变暖的科学还不完善,在我们证实这件事之前可以继续向大气中排放气体。
四、核心词与超纲词
1. inconclusive 2. lobby 3. grave 4. panel 6. parallel 7. pour 8. prudent
adj.不确定的,无结果的
n.接待室;(立法者或其他的)游说人 n. 墓穴,坟墓 adj. 严重的 n. 面板,专门小组 adv. 明确地,干脆地 n. 类似的事物,平行线 v. 倾泻,涌出;倒 adj. 审慎的,谨慎的 n. 瘫痪
5. definitely
9. paralysis
五、全文翻译
还记得科学家们认为吸烟会使我们丧命,而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为证据不确凿,科学也不确定的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了破坏我们的生活方式,而应该置身事外的时候吗?许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语,在过去三十多年中,差不多有一千万烟民早早地进了坟墓。
现在出现了令人忧虑的类似现象。科学家们前仆后继,试图使我们意识到全球变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁。最近白宫召集了来自国家科学院的专家团,他们告诉我们,地球毫无疑问正在变暖,而且这个问题主要是人为造成的。他们明确地告诉我们应该立刻着手保护自己。国家科学院院长鲁斯·艾伯特在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要的观点:“科学也无法解答所有的问题。但科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导,我们的国家和整个世界在做重要决策时,应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响的最佳判断作为依据,这十分关键。”
就像吸烟问题一样,来自不同方面人士的观点坚持认为有关全球气候变暖的科学还不完善,在我们证实这件事之前可以继续向大气中排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏:到了有百分之百证据的时候,可能就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显,并且不断增加,一个谨慎的民族现在应该准备一份保单了。
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幸运的是,白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划,相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究——这是一个经典的“分析导致麻痹”的案例。
为了成为地球上有责任心的管理员,我们必须推进对于大气和海洋的深入研究。但只有研究是不够的。如果没有先行立法此事,国会就应当开始帮助制定保护措施。西弗吉尼亚的民主党议员罗伯特·伯德提出一项议案,为私企提供财政奖励,就是一个良好的开端。许多人看到我们国家正准备修建许多新的发电厂,以满足我们的能源需求。如果我们要保护大气,那么关键是要让这些新发电厂对环境无害。
Text 3
一、文章题材结构分析
本文选自2002年7月15日Newsweek《新闻周刊》,原文标题是Taking Control—A Therapist Teaches Techniques to Help Tame Your Nightmares(控制——一位治疗专家教你驾驭噩梦的技巧)。
这是一篇以梦为主题的科普性文章。文章主要论说了梦可以被控制的现代观点。文章首段首先回顾了传统的有关梦的观点,然后在段末提出了梦的现代观点,也就是本文的主题。第二至四段用试验研究实证这一观点,并指出人可以通过练习来减少噩梦。第五段就梦的性质对不同的人提出相应的建议。
二、试题解析
31.研究者逐渐认为梦______。 [A] 在形成过程中可以被改变 [B] 容易受到情绪变化的影响 [C] 反应了我们内心深处的欲望和恐惧 [D] 是神经修复中偶然产生的结果 【答案】 A 【考点】事实细节 【难度系数】0.333
【解析】 文章在第一段末提到了现代研究者的一些观点说“目前,研究人员猜想梦是大脑情感自动调节系统的组成部分,当大脑处于‘掉线’状态时对情绪进行调整。一名主要的权威人士说,梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭,事实上,还可以有意识地加以控制,以帮助我们更好地睡眠和感觉。芝加哥医疗中心心理学系主任罗莎琳德·卡特赖特说,‘这是你的梦,如果你不喜欢,就改变它。’”由这段内容我们很容易得出本题答案为A。
32.作者提到脑的边缘系统是为了说明__________。 [A] 它在我们梦中发挥的作用 [B] 快速动眼睡眠的机制 [C] 梦和情绪间的关系
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[D] 它与前额皮层的区别 【答案】 C 【考点】事实细节 【难度系数】0.53
【解析】 文章在这一系统时说“匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说,在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中大脑和清醒时一样活跃。但并非大脑的所有部分都一样,脑边缘系统(‘情绪大脑’)异常活跃,而前额皮层(思维和推理的中心地带)则相对平静。”从这里可以看出:作者提到大脑边缘系统,就是要说明它是与情感相关的,故答案为C。
33.白天产生的不良情绪往往_________。 [A] 在潜意识中加重 [B] 演变成快乐的梦
[C] 会一直持续到我们睡着为止 [D] 在夜晚早期的梦中出现 【答案】 D 【考点】事实细节 【难度系数】0.515
【解析】 文章谈到白天产生的不良情绪是说“大多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦,而在快醒来前会逐渐做开心一些的梦,这说明人们在梦里渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。因为清醒时我们的头脑被日常生活琐事占据着,所以并不总想到白天发生的事情对我们情绪的影响,直到我们开始做梦,这种影响才出现。”这里,因为之后的内容是对前面晚上做梦情况的解释,前面提到我们在晚上入睡较早阶段做的坏梦,从后面内容知道这些坏梦是由于白天不良情绪产生的,而它们在夜晚早期的梦中出现,故答案为D。 34.卡特赖特似乎在暗示_______。 [A] 及时醒来对于摆脱恶梦至关重要
[B] 设想恶梦有助于控制它 [C] 应该让梦自然推进
[D] 做梦可能不完全属于无意识行为 【答案】 D 【考点】推理判断 【难度系数】0.434
【解析】卡特赖特在谈到他对梦的看法时说“人们可以练习有意识地控制噩梦的重演”,由此可以判断他认为人能有意识的控制梦,既然是可以有意识的控制,那么梦就不可能是无意识的行为了,故答案为D。 35.对那些有时做恶梦的人,卡特赖特可能给出的建议是什么? [A] 像平常一样生活。 [B] 寻求专家帮助。 [C] 练习有意识的控制。 [D] 避免白天产生焦虑。
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【答案】 A 【考点】事实细节 【难度系数】0.328
【解析】 文章末段在谈到对待梦的情况时说:那些长期受噩梦折磨的人应该寻求专家帮助,而对其他人来说,大脑有自动消除不良情绪的方法。既然大脑有自动消除不良情绪的办法,那么自然我们也不用太介意,由此得到答案为A。
三、长难句分析
1. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.
【解析】 本句由分号将之分为两部分,其中第一部分的主干是Freud formulated his revolutionary theory,宾语theory后面是一个以that引导的同位语从句说明 theory的内容;在第二部分中,代词them指代的是dreams,破折号后面的部分the random byproducts of the neural-repair work…进一步解释什么是mental noise,work后面的 that 引导一个定语从句,修饰 work。
【译文】 一个世纪前,弗洛伊德阐述了性的理论,即梦是人们潜意识中的欲望和恐惧经伪装后的预示;到了20世纪70年代末期,神经病学家们转而认为梦是“精神噪音”,即睡眠时进行的神经修复活动的一种杂乱的副产品。
2. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.
【解析】 say后面是that引导的一个宾语从句,该宾语从句的主干是:these events can be not only harnessed but brought underconscious control,是由not only... but (also)…连接的并列结构,brought前面承前省略了can be。后面的不定式结构作状语。
【译文】 一名主要的权威人士说,梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭,事实上,还可以有意识地加以控制,以帮助我们更好地睡眠和感觉。
3. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
【解析】 本句的主干是Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,后面有两个现在分词结构。第一个分词结构progressing toward...表伴随,其动作和主句的动作几乎同时发生;第二个分词结构suggesting that...表结果,即“因此表明”,that引导的宾语从句中,过去分词结构generated during the day作后置定语,修饰前面的feelings。
【译文】 大多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦,而在快醒来前会逐渐做开心一些的梦,这说明人们在梦里渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。
四、核心词汇回顾
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1. component 2. suspend
3. formulate 4. thermostat 5. disguise 7. switch 8. random
6. neurologist
n. 组成部分,部件,元件
v. 悬挂;暂停,暂缓,使暂时无效 v. 构想出,系统地阐述 n. 自动调温器 伪装,掩饰
n. 神经病学家,神经科医师
v. 转变,转向 adj. 随机的,任意的 n. 副产品
v. 调节;管理,控制 v. 治理,利用;支配,控制
v. 反复出现,再发生
说穿了,说到底,说白了 adj. 边缘的,脑边缘系统的 adj. 前额的
n. (植物的)皮层,树皮,(脑或肾的)皮层,皮质
v. 想象,设想;使形象化
9. byproduct 10. regulate 11. harness 12. recur
13. visualize 15. limbic 17. cortex
14. at the end of the day 16. prefrontal
五、全文翻译
在睡一个好觉的所有因素中,梦似乎是最无法控制的一个。在梦中,窗户通向的世界里,逻辑暂时失去了效用,死人开口说话。一个世纪前,弗洛伊德阐述了性的理论,即梦是人们潜意识中的欲望和恐惧经伪装后的预示;到了20世纪70年代末期,神经病学家们转而认为梦是“精神噪音”,即睡眠时进行的神经修复活动的一种杂乱的副产品。目前,研究人员猜想梦是大脑情感自动调节系统的组成部分,当大脑处于“掉线”状态时对情绪进行调整。一名主要的权威人士说,梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭,事实上,还可以有意识地加以控制,以帮助我们更好地睡眠和感觉。芝加哥医疗中心心理学系主任罗莎琳德·卡特赖特说,“这是你的梦,如果你不喜欢,就改变它。”
大脑造影的证据支持了以上观点。匹兹堡大学的埃里克博士说,在出现清晰梦境的快速动眼睡眠中大脑和清醒时一样活跃。但并非大脑的所有部分都一样,脑边缘系统(“情绪大脑”)异常活跃,而前额皮层(思维和推理的中心地带)则相对平静。斯坦福睡眠研究员威廉·迪蒙特博士说:“我们从梦中醒来,或者高兴或者沮丧,这些情绪会伴随我们一整天。”
梦和情绪之间的联系在卡特赖特诊所的病人身上显露出来了。大多数人似乎在晚上入睡的较早阶段做更多不好的梦,而在快醒来前会逐渐做开心一些的梦,这说明人们在梦里渐渐克服了白天的不良情绪。因为清醒时我们的头脑被日常生活琐事占据着,所以并不总想到白天发生的事情对我们情绪的影响,直到我们开始做梦,这种影响才出现。
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这一过程不一定是无意识的。卡特赖特认为人们可以练习有意识地控制噩梦的重演。你一醒来就立刻确定梦中有什么在困扰你,设想一下你所希望的梦的结局,下次再做同样的梦时,试图醒来以控制它的进程。通过多次练习,人们完全可以学会在梦中这样做。
卡特赖特说,说到底,只要梦不使我们无法睡眠或“从梦中惊醒”,就没有理由太在意所做的梦。恐怖主义、经济不确定及通常的不安全感都增加了人们的焦虑。那些长期受噩梦折磨的人应该寻求专家帮助,而对其他人来说,大脑有自动消除不良情绪的方法。安心睡觉甚至做梦,早上醒来时你会感觉好多了。
Text 4
一、文章题材结构分析
本文选自2004年1月29日The Economist(经济学家),原文标题是The Evolution of English—Talking down(英语的进化:越说越俗的英语)。
本文是一篇关于语言演化的议论文。文章首段指出了当今语言变化的趋势——美国人不再指望公众人物能有技巧和天分地使用英语这门语言。第二、三段分析这一现象产生的原因,第四、五段属于总结性段落,在分析了原因之后,作者指出,其实无论什么语言都有很强的表现能力,而语言这种变化的趋势仅仅是语言美感的丧失而不是语言功能的丧失。 二、试题解析
36.根据麦荷特的观点,正式英语的退化_________。 [A] 在彻底的教育改革中不可避免 [B] 只不过是语言发展过程中的自然现象 [C] 引起了对反文化潮流的争议 [D] 导致20世纪60年代公众态度的变化 【答案】 B 【考点】事实细节 【难度系数】0.319
【解析】 文章在第二段末谈到这一话题时说“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的,并不比古英语中词格的消失更让人惋惜,有这句我们可以看出,正式英语的退化是一种自然趋势,故答案为B。 37.第三段第六行的单词talking表示的是_______。 [A] 谦逊 [B] 个性 [C] 生动 [D] 非正式 【答案】 D 【考点】词义句意 【难度系数】0.441
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【解析】词所在的语境为“in both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over crafty”,显然这里talking is triumphing over speaking和spontaneity over crafty是同义对应,结合文章谈到的正式英语与非正式英语的内容,显然这里crafty指代正式英语,而spontaneity指代非正式英语,同理递推,talking指非正式英语,speaking指代正式英语,故答案为D。
38.麦荷特最有可能赞同下面哪个论述? [A] 逻辑思维并不一定和我们说话的方式相关。 [B] 黑人英语比标准英语更具有表达力。 [C] 非标准类型的人类语言只是娱乐性的。
[D] 在所有语言类型中,标准英语最能表达复杂的思想。
【答案】 A 【考点】推理判断 【难度系数】0.378
【解析】从题目选项的内容可以判断出本题是考查正式语言和非正式语言之间关系的。文章在第四段第四句谈到麦荷特对这两者的看法——人类语言(包括类似黑人英语的非标准语言)都具有很强的表现力,世界上没有一种语言不能表达复杂的思想。而和其他人不一样的是,麦荷特并不认为因为我们不能很好地说话,我们就不能正确的进行思考,这显然说明正确的思维不一定与我们说话的方式相关。故本题答案为A。 39.有关俄罗斯人背诵诗歌爱好的描述表现出作者__________。 [A] 对他们语言的兴趣 [B] 对他们所做努力的欣赏 [C] 对他们记忆力的羡慕 [D] 对他们这种过时风尚的轻视 【答案】 B 【考点】推理判断 【难度系数】0.438
【解析】 文章在末段首先谈到“俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言,并在脑海中存储了大量诗歌;而意大利的政客们则往往精心准备演讲,即使这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。”后面作者又谈到麦荷特对正式语言消失的惋惜,这反过来说明作者对那些保留自己民族文化赞赏,故本题答案为B。 40.根据最后一段,“纸盘子”和“瓷盘子”之间的比较是________。 [A] “暂时的”比“永恒的” [B] “激进的”比“保守的” [C] “实用的”比“艺术的” [D] “卑微的”比“高贵的” 【答案】 C 【考点】词义句意 【难度系数】0.543
【解析】从文中内容可以看出,文中“beautiful”对应“china”,“useful”对应“paper plates”,而“useful”对应与选项中“functional”,“beautiful”对应于“artistic”,由此,可判断出答案为C。
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三、长难句分析
1. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
【解析】 本句的主干是:John McWhorter sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible。本句开始是一个状语,书名Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care是book的同位语;John McWhorter后面的短语a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views是一个较长的同位语,具体说明John McWhorter的身份。本句的难点是对两个同位语的把握。 【译文】 语言学家麦荷特喜好争论,他的观点混杂着自由派与保守派的看法。在他最近的书《做我们自己的事:语言和音乐的退化,以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意?》中,这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
2. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. 【解析】 本句是一个由and引导的并列句,其中第二个分句比较复杂:宾语是the gradual disappearance of “whom”,for example为插入语,接着是 to be natural and no more regrettable than...作宾语的补足语,注意比较结构no more…than意为“像……一样不,不比……更”。
【译文】 麦荷特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言演变。举例来说,他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的,并不比古英语中词格的消失更让人惋惜。
3. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
【解析】 本句的主干是he acknowledges that…,其中that 引导一个宾语从句all varieties of human language…can be powerfully expressive,从句的主谓之间插入了介词短语including non-standard ones like Black English;破折号后面的分句there exists no language or dialect是一个存在句,对前面的句子进行补充说明,其中包含一个that引导的定语从句修饰前面的名词短语language or dialect。
【译文】 作为语言学家,麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言,包括像黑人英语这样的非标准语言,都具有强大的表达力—世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。
四、核心词与超纲词
1. aspire to/ after 2. degradation 4. permissive 5. conservative
3. controversialist
渴望,追求,有志于 n. 恶化,退化 n. 善辩者,好辩者 a. 许可的,自由的,纵容的 a. 保守的 反正统文化
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6.counter-culture
2005
7. cult 8. spell 10. genre
n. 狂热的崇拜,膜拜;时尚
v. (过去式和过去分词分别是spelt, spelt) 导致 a. 高雅的,高尚的
n. (文学艺术等的)类型,流派 n. 自发性,自发行为 一排,一群,一批 v. 举例说明
n. 大块,相当大的数量 v. 详细制定(某事物) 对……感到非常后悔,懊悔
9. elevated 11. spontaneity 12. an array of 13. illustrate 14. chunk
15. elaborate 16. grieve over
五、全文翻译
美国人不再期待公众人物在演讲或写作中能运用技巧和文采来驾驭英语,而公众人物自己也不渴望这样。语言学家麦荷特喜好争论,他的观点混杂着自由派与保守派的看法。在他最近的书《做我们自己的事:语言和音乐的退化,以及为什么我们应该喜欢或在意?》中,这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
责备放纵的六十年代不是什么新鲜事,但这次算不上是对教育衰落的又一场批判。麦荷特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言演变。举例来说,他认为“whom”一词的逐渐消失是自然的,并不比古英语中词格的消失更让人惋惜。
然而,“做自己的事”这一对事物真实性和个人性的崇尚信条,已经导致了正式演讲、写作、诗歌及音乐的消亡。在20世纪60年代以前,仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都会寻求一种更高雅的腔调;而那之后,即使是最受关注的文章也想带上口语风格。同样的,对于诗歌来说,非常个性化的和富有表现力的创作风格成为了能够表达真实生动含义的唯一形式。无论作为口语还是书面语言的英语,随意言谈胜过了雅致的言辞,自我发挥也压过了精心准备。
麦荷特先生从上层和下层中列举了一系列有趣的例子,从而说明他所记录的这种趋势是确凿无误的。但就书中副标题中的疑问:为什么我们应该喜欢或在意,答案却不够明确。作为语言学家,麦荷特认为各种各样的人类语言,包括像黑人英语这样的非标准语言,都具有强大的表达力——世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。不像其他大多数人,麦荷特先生并不认为我们说话方式不再规范就会使我们不能够准确地思考。
俄罗斯人深爱自己的语言,并在脑海中存储了大量诗歌;而意大利的政客们则往往精心准备演讲,即使这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。麦荷特先生认为正式语言并非不可或缺,也没有提出要进行彻底的教育改革——他其实只是为那些美好事物而不是实用的东西的消逝而哀叹。我们现在用“纸盘子”而非“瓷盘子”盛着我们的英语大餐。真是惭愧啊,但很可能已无法避免。
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