仁爱版初中英语语法大全 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： 专有名词 国名.地名.人名; 团体.机构名称 II. 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式： 名词的复数形式;一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es..现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则 1 一般情况在词尾加-s 2 以s; x; ch; sh结尾的名词后加-es 以-f或-fe3 结尾的词 4 变-f和-fe为v再加-es 加-s 例词 map-maps; sea-seas; girl-girls; day-days class-classes; box-boxes; watch-watches; dish-dishes leaf-leaves; thief-thieves; knife-knives; loaf-loaves; wife-wives belief-beliefs; chief-chiefs; proof-proofs; roof-roofs; gulf-gulfs party-parties; family-families; story-stories; city-cities toy-toys; boy-boys; day-days; ray-rays; Henry-Henrys hero-heroes; Negro-Negroes; potato-potatoes; tomato-tomatoes piano-pianos; photo-photos; auto-autos; kilo-kilos; solo-solos zero-zeros/zeroes; volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos radio-radios; bamboo-bamboos; zoo-zoos truth-truths; mouth-mouths; month-months; path-paths; 普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 不可数名词 抽象名词 物质名词 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词;变y为i加-es 以元音字母加y结尾的名词;或专有名5 词以y结尾的;加-s 一般加-es 以辅音字母6 加-o结尾的名词 不少外来词加-s 两者皆可 7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s 2. 不规则名词复数： 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的;现归纳如下： 规则 例词 man-men; woman-women; foot-feet; goose-geese; mouse-mice sheep; deer; series; means; works; fish; 2 单复数相同 species li; yuan; jin; ashes; trousers; clothes; thanks; goods; 3 只有复数形式 glasses; compasses; contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people; police; cattle; staff audience; class; family; crowd; couple; 部分集体名词既可以作单数整体也5 group; committee; government; population; crew; 可以作复数成员 team; public; enemy; party customs海关; forces; times时代; spirits情绪; drinks饮料; sands沙滩; papers6 复数形式表示特别含义 文件报纸; manners礼貌; looks外表; brains头脑智力; greens青菜; ruins废墟 Americans; Australians; Germans; Greeks; 加-s Swedes; Europeans 表示7 “某国单复数同形 Swiss; Portuguese; Chinese; Japanese 人” 以-man或-woman结尾的Englishmen; Frenchwomen 改为-men;-women sons-in-law; lookers-on; passers-by; 将主体名词变为复数 story-tellers; boy friends 合成名8 无主体名词时将最后一词 grown-ups; housewives; stopwatches 部分变为复数 将两部分变为复数 women singers; men servants 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 III. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格..所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成;二是由介词of加名词构成..前者多表示有生命的东西;后者多表示无生命的东西.. 1. ’s所有格的构成： 单数名词在末尾加’s 一般在末尾加’ 复数名词 不规则复数名词后加’s 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ 表示各自的所有关系时;各名词末尾均须加’s 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂;所有格后名词省略 2. ’s所有格的用法： the boy’s father; Jack’s book; her son-in-law’s photo; the teachers’ room; the twins’ mother; the children’s toys; women’s rights; Dickens’ novels; Charles’s job; the Smiths’ house Japan’s and America’s problems; Jane’s and Mary’s bikes Japan and America’s problems; Jane and Mary’s father the doctor’s; the barber’s; the tailor’s; my uncle’s １ 2 表示时间 today’s newspaper; five weeks’ holiday 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere; the tree’s branches 表示国家城市等地the country’s plan; the world’s population; 3 方的名词 China’s industry the ship’s crew; majority’s view; the team’s 4 表示工作群体 victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey; five dollars’ worth of apples 与人类活动有特殊6 the life’s time; the play’s plot 关系的名词 a bird’s eye view; a stone’s throw; at one’s wit’s 7 某些固定词组 end不知所措 3. of所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair; the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西;尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词a; an;定冠词the;和零冠词.. I. 不定冠词的用法： 1 2 3 4 5 指一类人或事;相当于a kind of 第一次提及某人某物;非特指 表示“每一”相当于every;one 表示“相同”相当于the same 用于人名前;表示不认识此人或out 与某名人有类似性质的人或事 That boy is rather a Lei Feng. A couple of; a bit; once upon a time; in a hurry; have a walk; many a time This room is rather a big one. She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. A plane is a machine that can fly. A boy is waiting for you. We study eight hours a day. We are nearly of an age. A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were 6 用于固定词组中 7 用于quite; rather; many; half; what; such之后 8 用于soas; too; how+形容词之后 II. 定冠词的用法： 1 表示某一类人或物 用于世上独一无二的事物2 名词前 表示说话双方都了解的或3 上文提到过的人或事 4 用于乐器前面 The horse is a useful animal. the universe; the moon; the Pacific Ocean Would you mind opening the door play the violin; play the guitar 用于形容词和分词前表示the reach; the living; the wounded 一类人 表示“一家人”或“夫6 the Greens; the Wangs 妇” 用于序数词和形容词副词7 He is the taller of the two children. 比较级最高级前 用于国家党派等以及江河the United States; the Communist Party of China; the 8 湖海;山川群岛的名词前 French 用于表示发明物的单数名9 The compass was invented in China. 词前 在逢十的复数数词之前;指10 in the 1990’s 世纪的某个年代 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. 用于方位名词;身体部位名12 He patted me on the shoulder. 词;及表示时间的词组前 5 III. 零冠词的用法： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 专有名词;物质名词;抽象名词;人名地Beijing University; Jack; China; love; 名等名词前 air 名词前有this; my; whose; some; no; I want this book; not that one. / Whose each; every等 purse is this 季节;月份;星期;节假日;一日三餐前 March; Sunday; National Day; spring 表示职位;身份;头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 学科;语言;球类;棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess. 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train; by air; by land husband and wife; knife and fork; day 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 and night 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals. 三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类： 人主格 称1 代宾格 词 形容词性 主2 代名词性 词 3 反身代词 I; you; he; she; it; we; you; they me; you; him; her; it; us; you; them my; your; his; her; its; our; their mine; yours; his; hers; its; ours; theirs myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself; ourselves; yourselves; themselves 4 指示代词 this; that; these; those; such; some 5 疑问代词 who; whom; whose; which; what; whoever; whichever; whatever 6 关系代词 that; which; who; whom; whose; as 7 不定代词 one/ some/ any; each/ every; none/ no; many/ much; few/ little/ a few/ a little; other/ another; all/ both; neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one; some与any: 1 one可以泛指任何人;也可特指;复数为ones..some多用于肯定句;any多用于疑问句和否定句.. One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks No; I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2 some可用于疑问句中;表示盼望得到肯定的答复;或者表示建议;请求等.. Would you like some bananas Could you give me some money 3 some 和any修饰可数名词单数时;some表示某个;any表示任何一个.. I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes; if any. 4 some和数词连用表示“大约”;any可与比较级连用表示程度.. There are some 3;000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today 2. each和every: each强调个别;代表的数可以是两个或两个以上;而every强调整体;所指的数必须是三个或三个以上.. Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each of us has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no： no等于not any;作定语..none作主语或宾语;代替不可数名词;谓语用单数;代替可数名词;谓语单复数皆可以.. There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle None. None of the students are is afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another: 1 other泛指“另外的;别的”常与其他词连用;如：the other day; every other week; some other reason; no other way; the other特指两者中的另外一个;复数为the others..如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed; but all the others passed the exam. 2 another指“又一个;另一个”无所指;复数形式是others;泛指“别的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt; please show me another one. The trousers are too long; please give me another pair / some others. Some like football; while others like basketball. 5. all和both; neither和either all表示不可数名词时;其谓语动词用单数..both和all加否定词表示部分否定;全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四．形容词和副词 I. 形容词： 1. 形容词的位置： 1 形容词作定语通常前置;但在下列情况后置： 1 2 3 4 5 6 修饰some; any; every; no和body; thing; onenobody absent; everything 等构成的复合不定代词时 possible 以-able; -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或the best book available; the only修饰的名词之后 only solution possible alive; alike; awake; aware; asleep等可以后the only person awake 置 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long a huge room simple and 成对的形容词可以后置 beautiful 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序： 代词 冠词 冠词前数词 序数词 基数词 性状形容词 性质 大小 新旧 颜色 国籍 材料 名词 的形容指示代词 词 不定代词 代词所有格 the all both such a second one this next four another your 3 复合形容词的构成： 1 形容词+名词+ed 2 形容词+形容词 3 形容词+现在分词 4 副词+现在分词 5 副词+过去分词 II. 副词 副词的分类： 状态 长短 形状 温度 产地 质地 beautiful large new good poor short cool square yellow London stone black Chinese silk kind-hearted dark-blue ordinary-looking hard-working newly-built 6 名词+形容词 7 名词+现在分词 名词+过去分词 8 9 数词+名词+ed 10 数词+名词 world-famous peace-loving snow-covered three-egged twenty-year 时间副soon; now; early; 1 词 finally; once; recently 地点副here; nearby; outside; 2 词 upwards; above 方式副hard; well; fast; 3 词 slowly; excitedly; really 程度副almost; nearly; very; 4 词 fairly; quite; rather III. 形容词和副词比较等级： 频度副always; often; frequently; 5 词 seldom; never 疑问副6 how; where; when; why 词 连接副how; when; where; why; 7 词 whether; however; meanwhile 关系副8 when; where; why 词 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级;比较级和最高级..比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est;多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most.. 1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not soas…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much; many; a lot; even; far; a bit; a little; still; yet; by far; any; a great deal.. 3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型..如：The harder you work; the more progress you will make. 4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思..如：I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型： Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级..如：favourite; excellent; extreme; perfect.. 五．介词 I. 介词分类： 1 简单介词 about; across; after; against; among; around; at; below; beyond; during; in; on 2 合成介词 inside; into; onto; out of; outside; throughout; upon; within; without 3 短语介词 according to; because of; instead of; up to; due to; owing to; thanks to 4 双重介词 from among; from behind; from under; till after; in between 5 分词转化成的介considering就而论; including 词 6 形容词转化成的like; unlike; near; next; opposite 介词 II. 常用介词区别： 表示时间的in; 1 at表示片刻的时间;in表示一段的时间;on总是与日子有关 on; at 表示时间的since; since 指从过去到现在的一段时间;和完成时连用;from指从2 from 时间的某一点开始 表示时间的in; in指在一段时间之后;after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在3 after 过去时的一段时间中 表示地理位置的4 in表示在某范围内;on指与什么毗邻;to指在某环境范围之外 in; on; to 表示“在…上”的5 on只表示在某物的表面上;in表示占去某物一部分 on; in 表示“穿过”的through表示从内部通过;与in有关;across表示在表面上通6 through; across 过;与on有关 表示“关于”的7 about指涉及到;on指专门论述 about; on between与among8 between表示在两者之间;among用于三者或三者以上的中间 的区别 besides与exceptbesides指“除了…还有再加上”;except指“除了;减去什9 的区别 么”;不放在句首 表示“用”的in; with表示具体的工具;in表示材料;方式;方法;度量;单位;语10 with 言;声音 11 as与like的区别 12 in与into区别 六．动词 I. 动词的时态： as意为“作为;以…地位或身份”;like为“象…一样”;指情形相似 in通常表示位置静态;into表示动向;不表示目的地或位置 1. 动词的时态一共有16种;以ask为例;将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下： 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 进行 am/is/are was/were shall/will be should/would be asking asking asking asking 完成 have/has had asked shall/will have should/would have asked asked asked 完成进行 have/has had been shall/will have should/would have been asking asking been asking been asking 2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别： 1 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况;但和现在有联系;强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果;它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用;汉译英时可加“已经”等词..简言之;利用过去;说明现在..如： I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. 已经看过;且了解这本书的内容 2 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态;和现在无关;它可和表示过去的时间状语连用;汉译英时可加“过”;“了”等词..简言之;仅谈过去;不关现在..如： I read the novel last month. 只说明上个月看了;不涉及现在是否记住 I lived in Beijing for ten years.只说明在北京住过十年;与现在无关 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别： 两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”;在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时;多用现在完成时;如着重表示动作一直在进行;即动作的延续性时;则多用现在完成进行时..一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时.. I have read that book.我读过那本书了.. I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书.. 4. 一般将来时的表达方式： 1 将来时 will/shall用法 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 例句 My sister will be ten +动词原形 be going 含有“打算;计划;即将”做某事;2 to+动词原形 或表示很有可能要发生某事 next year. It’s going to clear up. We’re going to have a party tonight. He is moving to the go; come; start; move; leave; south. be + doing 3 arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将进行时表示将来 Are they leaving for 发生的动作 Europe I was about to leave when the bell rang. be about to 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生4 + 动词原形 的动作;后面一般不跟时间状语 The meeting is about to close. be to + 动We’re to meet at the 5 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 词原形 school gate at noon. The meeting starts at five o’clock. 一般现在时时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的6 表示将来 事情;可用一般现在时表示将来 The plane leaves at ten this evening. II. 动词的被动语态： 1 2 3 4 5 常用常用被动构成 构成 被动语态 语态 一般am/is/are asked 6 过去进行was/were being asked 现在时 时 一般was/were asked 7 现在完成have/has been asked 过去时 时 一般shall/will be asked 8 过去完成had been asked 将来时 时 过去should/would be asked 9 将来完成will/would have been 将来时 时 asked 现在am/is/are being asked 1含有情态can/must/may be asked 进行时 0 动词的 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not;短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词..固定结构be going to; used to; have to; had better变为被动态时;只需将其后的动词变为被动态.. 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 注意 事项 汉语有一类句子不出现主语;在英语中一般可用被动结构表示..如： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态： leave; enter; reach; become; benefit; cost; equal; contain; last; lack; fit; fail; have; appear; happen; occur; belong to; take place; break out; come about; agree with; keep up with; consist of; have on; lose heart等等 七．情态动词 I. 情态动词基本用法： 情态动词 can 用法 能力体力;智力;技能 允许或许可口语中常用 could 可能性表猜测;用于否定句或疑问句中 couldn’t do No;…can’t. May…do… Yes;…may. may 可以问句中表示请求 可能;或许表推测 might 祝愿用于倒装句中 might not do may not do No;…mustn’t/can’t. Might…do… Yes;…might No;…might not. Must…do… Yes;…must. No;…needn’t/don’t have to. 否定式 can not / cannot /can’t do 疑问式与简答 Can…do… Yes;…can. 必须;应该表主观要求 must 肯定;想必肯定句中表推测 must not/mustn’t do Do…have to do… 只好;不得不客观的必须;有时don’t have to Yes;…do. to 态人称变化 do No;…don’t. Ought…to do… ought 应当表示义务责任;口语中多ought not Yes;…ought. to 用should to/oughtn’t to do No;…oughtn’t. 将要;会 Shall…do… 用于一三人称征求对方意见 shall shall Yes;…shall. not/shan’t do 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、No;…shan’t. 警告、威胁等 应当;应该表义务责任 should should Should…do… not/shouldn’t do 本该含有责备意味 will 意愿;决心 Will…do… will not/won’t do 请求;建议;用在问句中wouldYes;…will. would would 比较委婉 not/wouldn’t do No;…won’t. Dare…do… dare dare 敢常用于否定句和疑问句中 Yes;…dare. not/daren’t do No;…daren’t. Need…do… 需要 need need Yes;…must. not/needn’t do 必须常用于否定句和疑问句中 No;…needn’t. Used…to do… used Yes;…used. not/usedn’t/usenNo;…usedn’t. ’t to do Did…use to do… didn’t use to do Yes;…did. No;…didn’t. have used to 过去常常现在已不再 II. 情态动词must; may; might; could; can表示推测： 以must为例..must + dobe是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情.. 1. must“肯定;一定”语气强;只用于肯定句中.. He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may和might“也许”;后者语气弱;更没有把握..可用于肯定句和否定句.. He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”;could表示可疑的可能性;不及can’t语气强;用于肯定、否定、疑问句中.. The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there; it was so near.推测某事本来可能发生;但实际上没有发生 Can he be in the office now No; he can’t be there; for I saw him in the library just now.语气很强;常用于疑问句和否定句中 III. 情态动词注意点： 1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力..但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”;而can无法表达此意..Be able to有更多的时态..另外;两者不能重叠使用.. 2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯;而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好;不涉及现在.. 3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别： 两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句..其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do… 做实义动词时可用于肯定句;否定句和疑问句..其形式为：needneeds/needed/daredares/dared to do; don’tdoesn’t/didn’t need/dare to do 八．非谓语动词 I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成： 非谓语形式 构成 时态和语态 to do to be 不定式 doing to be done 否定式 特征和作用 复合结构 for 具有名词;副词和形容词的sb. to do 作用 sth. 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 to have been done to have 在非done 谓语前加doing being not 现done having 在分分having 词 done 词 been done 过done 去分具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 词 doing having 动名词 done being done having been done sb’s doing 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较： 情况 常用动词 只接不定式做hope; want; offer; long; fail; expect; wish; ask; decide; 宾语的动词 pretend; manage; agree; afford; determine; promise; happen mind; miss; enjoy; imagine; practise; suggest; finish; escape; excuse; appreciate; admit; prevent; keep; dislike; avoid; risk; resist; consider 只接动名词做can’t help; feel like; succeed in; be fond of; object to; get 宾语的动词或短语 down to; be engaged in; insist on; think of; be proud of; take pride in; set about; be afraid of; be tired of; look forward to; devote oneself to; be worth; be busy; pay attention to; stick to begin; start; like; love; hate; prefer; continue接不定式多指意义基本具体的动作;接动名词多指一般或习惯行为 相同 need; want; require接动名词主动形式表示被动意义;若接不定式则应用被动形式 stop to do 停止手中事;去做另一件事 意义相反 两stop doing 停止正在做的事 者remember/forget/regret to do指go on to do接着做另外一件都动作尚未发生 事 可以 remember/forget/regret doing指go on doing接着做同一件事 动作已经发生 意义不同 try to do设法;努力去做;尽力 mean to do打算做;企图做 try doing试试去做;看有何结果 mean doing 意识是;意味着 can’t help to do不能帮忙做 can’t help doing忍不住要做 III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别： 不定式 现在分词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时例句 间概念 ask; beg; expect; 主谓关系..强调动作将I heard him call me get; order; tell; want; 发生或已经完成 several times. wish; encourage have; notice; see; watch; hear; feel; let; make notice; see; 主谓关系..强调动作正I found her watch; hear; find; 在进行;尚未完成 listening to the radio. 常见动词 过去分词 keep; have; feel 动宾关系..动作已经完We found the village 成;多强调状态 greatly changed. IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别： 区别 举例 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系;一般式表示将I have a lot of papers to 来;进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生;完成式表示type. 不定式 在谓语动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to be typed. 通常指被修饰词的用途;无逻辑上的任何关Shall we go to the swimming 动名词 系 pool 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系;表示动作与谓the boiling water / the 现在分词 语动作同时发生 boiled water 与被修饰词之间是被动关系;表示动作发生the developing country/the 在谓语动作之前;现已经完成 developed country 过去分词 the falling leaves / the fallen leaves V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别： 区别 举例 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作;做主语时My dream is to become a 可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面..做表语有时可teacher. 和主语交换位置;而且意义不变;并且还能用what来提To obey the law is 问主语或表语.. 不定式 important. dream; business; wish; idea; plan; duty; task做主语时常用 与不定式的功能区别不大;然而它更接近于名词;It is no use saying that 表示的动作比较抽象;或者泛指习惯性的动作;有时也again and again. 动名词 可以用it做形式主语;做表语时可以和主语互换位Teaching is my job. 置.. 无名词的性质;不能做主语..但是有形容词的性The situation is 质;可以做表语;多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等;encouraging. 可被very; quite; rather等副词修饰.. The book is well written. 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意;说明主; 语的分词 常见分词有astonishing; 性质特征;多表示主动;主语多为物..过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态;含有“感到…”之意;主语moving; tiring; disappointing; puzzling; 多是人.. shocking; boring; amusing及其-ed形式 九．定语从句 I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用;在句中修饰一个名词或代词..被修饰的词叫做先行词;引导定语从句的词叫关系词;他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用;二是在从句中担当一个成分;并与先行词保持数的一致.. 关系词 who 先行词 从句成分 人 主语 例句 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working 备注 whom 人 宾语 The boy whom she loved died in the whom; war.. which和thatI like those books whose topics are 在从句中做宾about history. 语时;常可以whose 人;物 定语 The boy whose father works abroad is 省略;但介词my deskmate. 提前时后面关关系代系代词不能省A plane is a machine that can fly. 词 略;也不可以that 人;物 主语;宾语 She is the pop star that I want to 用that see very much. The book which I gave you was worth $10. which 物 主语;宾语 The picture which was about the accident was terrible. He is such a person as is respected by all of us. as做宾语as 人;物 主语;宾语 一般不省略 This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. I will never forget the day when we 可用on when 时间 时间状语 met there. which 关系副可用in where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 词 which I can’t imagine the reason why he 可用for why 原因 原因状语 turned down my offer. which II. that与which; who; whom的用法区别： 用法说明 例句 1． 先行词为all; everything; 1.He told me everything 只用that的情anything; nothing; little; much;等不定代that he knows. 况 词时.. 2.All the books that you 情况 2． 先行词被all; any; every; each; offered has been given out. much; little; no; some; few等修饰时 3.This is the best film 3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修that I have ever read. 饰时 4.We talked about the 4． 先行词既指人又指物时 persons and things that we remembered. 5． 先行词被the only; the very修饰时 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6． 句中已经有who或which时;为了避免重复时 6.Who is the man that is making a speech 1． 在非性定语从句中;只能用He has a son; who has gone which指代物;用who/whom指人 abroad for further study. 只用which; 2． 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定I like the person to whom who; whom的情语从句中;只能用which指物;whom指人.. the teacher is talking. 况 3． 先行词本身是that时;关系词用Those who respect others which; 先行词为those; one; he时多用are usually respected by who.. others. III. as与which的区别： 定语从句 区别 例句 He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. They won the game; as we had expected. 性定名词前有such和the same修饰时;关语从句中 系代词用as;不能用which as和which都可以指代前面整个主非性句..如果有“正如;象”的含义;并可以放They won the game; which we 定语从句在主句前;也可以放在后面;那么用as；而hadn’t expected. 中 which引导的从句只能放主句后;并无“正如”的意思.. As is well known; he is a famous film star in the 1980s. IV. 性定语从句与非性定语从句的区别： 语法意义及特征 例句 对先行词起修饰作用;如果去掉;主句意性定语The accident happened at 思就不完整明确;这种从句与主句的关系十分密从句 the time when I left. 切;写时不用逗号分开.. 对先行词作附加的说明;与主句的关系不十非性定His mother; whom he loved 分密切;较松散..从句和主句之间用逗号分开;相语从句 deeply; died ten years ago. 当于一个插入语;不能用that引导;关系代词做宾类别 语时也不能省略.. 十．名词性从句 种类 作用 常用关联词 例句 Whether he will come or not 在复合句中做主语;相当于doesn’t matter much. 名词;一般置谓语之前;也可用that; 主语从句 it作形式主语;主语从句放主句whether; if; Whoever comes here will be 之后 as if; as welcome. though; who; 在复合句中做表语;相当于It looks as if it is going to 表语从句 whose; which; 名词;位于系动词之后 snow. how; when; 在复合句中做宾语;相当于He asked me which team could where; why; 宾语从句 名词 win the game. what; You have no idea how worried whatever; 放在名词之后news; we are. 同位语从problem; idea; suggestion; whoever; 句 advice; thought; hope; factwherever The fact that he lied again 等 表明其具体内容 greatly surprised us. 十一..状语从句 种类 连接词 注意点 when; whenever; while; as; before; 主句表示将来意义时;从句须用一般after; until; till; by the time; as 现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是soon as; hardly…when; no 延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词sooner…than; the moment; the minute; 是延续性的;而否定句中主句动词为短暂immediately; directly; instantly 性的.. where; wherever because语气最强;since较弱;表示because; as; since; now that 大家都明了的原因;as又次之.. if; unless; once; in case; as long 从句中动词时态不可用将来时;常用as; on condition that 一般时代替 so that; in order that; for fear so that和in order that后常接that may; should; could; would等情态动词 so…that; such…that than; as…as; not so/as…as; the more…the more as if 和as though引导的从句一般as if; as though; as 用虚拟语气.. though; although; even if; even though; as; no matter what; whatever; as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；no matter who; whoever; no matter although和though用正常语序;可和yetwhich; whichever; no matter how; 连用;但不可和but连用 however; no matter when; whenever 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 条件状语 目的状语 结果状语 比较状语 方式状语 让步状语 十二..倒装句 种类 倒装条件 here; there; up; down; in; out; off; away等副词开头的句子表示强调 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 例句 Out rushed the children. 完全倒装 Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. Present at the meeting were 1;000 强调表语;置于句首;或为保持句子平衡 students. never; hardly; scarcely; seldom; Hardly did I know what had little; not until; not等表示否定意义的happened. 副词放于句首 Only then did he realized the only和修饰的状语放于句首 importance of English. not only…but also连接并列的句子;前Not only does he know French; but 倒后不倒 also he is expert at it. neither…nor…连接并列的句子;前后都Neither do I know it; nor do I care about it. 部分倒装 倒装 so…that; such…that中的so或suchSo busy is he that he can not go on 及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 a holiday. Child as he is; he has learned a as引导的让步状语 lot. so; neither或nor表示前句内容也适用He can play the piano. So can i. 于另外的人或事.. 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 May you be in good health Were I you; I would not do it in this 省略if的虚拟条件 way. 十三..虚拟语气 类别 用法 从句动词：过去式be用were 与现在事实相反 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 从句动词：had+过去分词 If he were here; he would help us. 例句 If I had been 主句动词：free; I would have should/would/could/might+have+过去分visited you. 词 从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原If it should rain 形 / were+不定式 与将来事实相tomorrow; we would 反 主句动词：not go camping. should/would/could/might+动词原形 They are talking 其它状语从as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 as if they had been 句 friends for years. 与过去事实相If引导的反 条件从句 Turn on the light in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can so that we can see it / could / may / might / would等+动词原形 clearly. He suggested that demand; suggest; order; insist后接的从句中动词we not change our 为should+动词原形 mind. 宾语从句 wish后的从句中分别用过去式;过去完成式和I wish I could be should/would+动词原形表示与现在;过去和将来情况相反 a pop singer. It is strange 在It is necessary / important / strange that…; that such a person 主语从句 It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… should be our 等从句中;谓语动词用should+动词原形 friends. It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动It’s high time 词原形 that we left. I would rather would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完其它句型中 you stayed at home 成式 now. If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式;表示If only our dream 强烈的愿望 had come true 十四..重要句型 1. It was not until midnight that he finished his task. 2. Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again. 3. The harder you work; the greater progress you will make. 4. He walked around the house; gun in hand. 5. May you be in good health 6. Wish you a pleasant journey back home 7. The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes. 8. What surprised me most was his imagination and patience. 9. He lay on the grass; with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head. 10. Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher. 11. On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists. 12. Looking back upon those past years; he couldn’t help feeling very proud. 13. No soonerHardly had he arrived at the theatre thanwhen the play started. 14. Young as he is; he has learned advanced mathematics. 15. How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields 16. There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room. 17. Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory. 18. There goes the bell.
19. Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here. 20. It is no use crying for help.
21. If only I had been your student in the middle school 22. It is believed that such a thing will not happen again. 23. Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this. 24. “He works particularly hard.” “So he does; and so do you.”
25. Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another. 26. Such was Albert Einstein; a simple person of great achievements. 十五..动词搭配 1. add to增加;增进 add … to把…加进… add up相加
add up to总计;所有这一切说明
1 I don't think these facts will ________ anything. 2 Fifty new books have been ________ the library. 3 The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.
4 You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________. add up to; added to; add to; added…up 2. break away from打破;脱离;挣脱;改掉 break down出毛病;身体精神衰弱;分解;拆开 break off暂停;中断 break in强行进入;插话
break into闯入
break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发
break up捣碎;驱散;瓦解;学期结束;拆散 break through突破
1 The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods. 2 When he heard the news; he broke _______ and cried. 3 Don't break ________ while others are speaking.
4 Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee 5 When does school break ________
6 After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen. away from; down; in; off; up; up 3. bring up抚养;呕吐;提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出;出版 bring in引入;引进;挣钱 bring back使回想起 bring down使下降;使倒下
1 The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars.
2 The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English. 3 The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays. 4 Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding 5 The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan. 6 We decided to bring the matter ___ at the next meeting. 7 The wind brought _______ a lot of trees last night.
8 Next month they will bring ________ a new edition of the book.
down; in; back; about; up; up; down; out 4. call on号召;拜访某人 call at拜访、参观某地 call for去叫某人; 要求; 需要 call up使回忆起; 征召入伍 call in召集;请某人来 call out大喊;高叫 call off取消;不举行
1 Doctors are often called _____ in the middle of the war.
2 Please wait for me at home. I'll call _______ you at your house at seven tonight. 3 The trains calls _______ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou. 4 He called her name __________; but she didn't answer. 5 The sports meet was called ____ on account of the rain. in; for; at; out; off 5. come about发生;出现 come down下跌;落;降;传下来 come in进来
come into sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect come on来临/ 快点 come out出版;结果是 come along一道来;赶快
come to达到 an end/an agreement/a stop苏醒;合计;总共是 come over走过来 come up发芽;走近 come across偶然碰到 come back回想起
come from来自;源自
1 I come _________ the book I lent you last month.
2 How did it come _________ that you both got lost I thought you had a map. 3 It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before. 4 Come __________ now; or else we shall be late. 5 He came __________ me like a tiger.
6 The price of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year. 7 The word came __________ use many years ago.
8 When the examination result came _________; he had already got a job. 9The bill came __________ over a thousand dollars.
10 I sowed the seeds over a month ago; but they haven't come __________ yet. for; about; back; on; at; down; into; out; to; up 6. cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒;削减
cut off切断;割掉;断绝关系 cut up连根拔除;切碎 through剪断;凿穿 cut out删省掉;戒掉 cut in插嘴
1 Don't cut ___ this tree. It will be very shady in summer.
2 You must cut ________ the number of cigarettes you smoke; or it will cause illness. 3 We decided to cut _________ the moor旷野 to the village. 4 Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the tree into pieces.
5 The electricity was cut ___________ when the lady refused to pay the bill. 6 We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut __________. down; down; across; up; off; in
7. die of disease/hunger/grief/old age死于疾病;饥饿;寒冷;情感原因 die from死于意外事故、情形 die away渐渐消逝 die out绝种 die down炉火渐熄 die off逐一死去 8. fall behind落后
fall over one's feet 跌跤 fall down掉下;跌倒 fall back撤退;后退
1 Babies often fall _____ when they are learning to walk. 2 Our team seems to have fallen __________ the others.
3 As soon as the enemies fell __________; the people returned to their village. 4 She fell__________ the bench and had her leg broken. down; behind; back; over 9. go in for从事;喜爱;参加 go through通过;经受 go over复习;检查 go up价格上涨;建造起来 go after追捕;追赶 go against违反
go ahead先行;开始吧;问吧;说吧 go away离开 go by时间过去
go down下沉;降低;日、月西沉 go onwith继续进行
go with相配;陪同 go without没有;缺少 go out外出;熄灭 go all out全力以赴
go off爆炸;进行;变坏;断电;停止供应 go back on背约;食言 go beyond超出
1 Many new factories have gone __ in the past few years. 2 Rents have gone __________ greatly recently. 3 Many years have gone ___________ since we first met. 4 Let's continue our journey until the sun goes _______. 5 His actions went ___________ the will of the people; 6 I can't do it; for it goes ___________ my duty.
7 Over 100 students went ____________ this entrance examination. 8 The bomb went ____________ and killed ten people.
9 The buyer went ___________ the car carefully before reaching a decision. 10 This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue shirt. 11 If you think you can solve the problem; go ______. 12 Many students went __________ playing basketball.
up; up; by; down; against; beyond; through; off; over; with; ahead; in for 10. get down下来;记下;使沮丧 get down to致力于;专心于 get on进展;进步;穿上;上车 get off脱下;下车 get in收集;插话
get away逃跑;逃脱;去休假
get over忘记;越过;克服;从疾病中恢复 get along with进展;相处 get up起床
get through打通电话;完成;通过 get round消息传开
get close to sth. 接近;几乎 get into trouble get to know get back取回;收回 get out
1 She spoke so fast that I couldn't get ____ what he said. 2 We will find ways to get _________ difficulties.
3 The story has got __________; and everyone knows about it. 4 When I get _________ with the report; I'll go to the cinema. 5 After a delicious meal the two men got __________ to business. 6 Don't always get __________ a word when others are speaking.
7 It took me a long time to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience. down; over; round; through; down; in; over 11. give away赠送;泄露;出卖 give out发出;疲劳;分发;公布 give off发出光、热、气体 give in to sb. 屈服 give up放弃;让座位
1 His accent at last gave him __________. 2 The liquid gave ________ a strong smell.
3 The headmaster gave ___________ the names of the prize-winners.
4 The soldiers gave _________ the town to the enemies. 5 Who will help me to give the books ___________ 6 Don't believe in those who give his friends ________. 7 After a long walk; my strength gave ____________. away; off; out; up; out; away; out 12. hand in交上;提交 hand out分发 hand down流传;遗传 13. hang about闲逛 hang up挂电话 14. hold back阻止;隐瞒 hold up举起;使停顿 hold on别挂电话;等;坚持 hold out持续;坚持;伸出 hold down控制;
1 I'm sure he is holding something _________.
2 She managed to hold ______ her emotion until her guests had left. Then she cried. 3 Tell him to hold ________ a moment. I'll come soon.
4 Our food supply won't hold _________ for more than a few days. 5 The train was held ________ as a result of the floods.
6 These measures helped to hold ___________ the city's population. 7 Hold ___________ your left arm; please. back; back; on; out; up; down; up 15. keep up courage; English; spirits保持; keep up with跟上
keep off grass不接近;离开
keep away from避开;不接近;离…远远的 keep out of
keep to rules; promise坚持;遵守 keep on继续;坚持下来 keep back阻止;留下;隐瞒;扣下 keep from克制;阻止
1 The angry lady told the strangers to keep ________ from her. 2 I can hardly keep ________ my tears after hearing his words. 3 Only pride kept her __________ bursting into tears.
4 I can scarcely keep __________ asking him what he has done. 5 \"Don't touch me;\" screamed the woman; \"Keep __________\" 6 Keep _________ until you succeed.
7 Keep _________ your courage; and you'll succeed in the end. 8 The thick coat can keep the cold ___________.
9 Always try to keep ___________ the rules when you play a game. 10 I can't keep ________ with everything you're doing. away; back; from; from; off; on; up; out; to; up 16. knock at/on敲
knock into撞到某人身上 knock down撞倒 knock out of把…敲出 knock over撞倒
knock off停止工作;休息
1 The boxer soon knocked his opponent _________. 2 The office stuff knocks _________ at six every day.
3 Try knocking __________ the window and see if there is anyone indoors.
4 He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked __________ the car parked there. down; off; on; into 17. leave for离开前往 leave out删去;遗漏 leave behind遗留;忘记拿走 leave to留给;遗嘱赠于 leave over遗留;剩下;延期
1 \"Whose name has been left __________ \" demanded the teacher. 2 When he died; he left all his property _____ his niece.
3 He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella ___________. 4 Don't leave this matter _________ until tomorrow. 5 Leave some meat ___________ for tomorrow. 6 Those are questions left _________ by history. out; to; behind; over; over; over 18. look up查找;向上看 look through翻阅;浏览 look on旁观 look on…as看作 look into调查
look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找 look outfor当心
look about / around/round四下查看 look down upon瞧不起 look back upon回忆;回顾
look ab. up and down仔细打量某人 look ab in the face/eyes直视某人
1 I spent two hours looking ______ the students' papers. 2Look _______ There is a big hole in front.
3 He took part in the game; and the rest of us just looked ______ and cheered for him. 4 The old man looked _____ upon the days of his youth.
5 She was so snobbish势利that she looked __________ upon all his neighbours. 6 The police promised to look __________ the case as soon as possible. 7 He looked __________ but saw nobody; and he listened but hear nothing. through; out; on; back; down; into; about/around/round 19. make up编造;配制;打扮;组成 make up for弥补
make into / of / from 制成
make out弄懂;发现;看出;填写;开列清单 make for走向;驶往;促使
1 Can you make this length of cloth __________ a suit 2 I asked the driver if he was making ___________ London 3 My father made __________ a check for me to buy the camera.
4 We must make the loss _________ next week./ He tried hard to make ________ for the damage he had done.
5 He made __________ a story; which I found hard to believe. 6 Someone is coming; but I can't make ___________ who it is. into; for; out; up/up; up; out 20. pass away去世 pass by经过
pass downon…to传给 pass through经历 pass over漠视;忽视
1 The old clock has been passed ________ to me from my grandfather's grandfather. 2 The man passed ___________ last week in peace. 3 We are passing ____________ difficult times.
4 The secretary passed ___________ the details in the first part of his report. down; away; through; over 21. pay back还钱;报复
pay for付钱;为…受到惩罚;因…得到报应 pay off还清
1 How much did you pay __________ the dictionary
2 You should pay _________ the money you borrowed from me. 3 I'll pay him ____________ for all his crimes罪行 against me. 4 Some day; you'll pay __________ what you have done today. 5 Has she pay ____________ the debt yet for; back; back; for; off
22. pick up拾起;获得information;接人;站起;收听;自然习得language /knowledge;恢复重获pick up health pick out挑选;辨认;看出
1 I picked the information __________ while waiting in the queue. 2 My friend has arranged to pick me _________ at 6:00.
3 The patient has picked _________ health during the last two weeks. 4 She picked _______ the most expensive pair of shoes. 5 I can't pick John ___________ in the crowd.
6 Can I pick __________ VOA with this short-wave radio
7 He fell down suddenly; but picked himself ___________ quickly. up; up; up; out; out; up; up pick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词
23. put up搭起;张贴;举起;安装;投宿;安排住下 put up with忍受 put out伸出;扑灭 put off推迟 put into放进;翻译 put away放好;存钱 put down记下;平息
put on穿戴;上映;增加put on weight/speed put forward 提出;提前 put through 接通电话 put aside放到一边 put back放回
1 He put _________ half his wage every week.
2 The government soon put __________ the revolt. 3 Put your watch __________. It's slow. 4 He put __________ his hand for me to shake. 5. Please put me __________ to Extension分机2. 6 We put ___________ for night at the village inn. 7 He is very proud; and he often put _________ airs.摆架子 8 We had a telephone put _____________ in our office. 9 I can't put __________ with your laziness. away; down; forward; out; through; up; on; up; up 24. pull down拆掉;推翻 pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脱 pull in进站 pull out取出;火车离站 pull down往下拉;拆毁 pull over驶到一边
pull through恢复健康;渡过难关;脱离险境 pull up使停住
1 The train slowly pulled __________ and disappeared in the distance.
2 All the old houses here have now been pulled ______; and new ones are to be built. 3 The car pulled _________ when I blew the horn. 4 The doctor thinks the man will pull __________. 5 The driver pulled ________ at the traffic lights. out; down; over; through; up 25. push over推倒;刮倒
push aheadon; forward继续前进;坚持下去
push through排除困难办好谋事;努力设法通过;挤过
1 We've decided to push __________ with our plan to build a new road 2 Many trees were pushed __________ in the hurricane.
3 They were determined to push the new rules ________ at any cost.. 4 Take care not to push the baby _________.
5 They pushed ___________ the crowd and at last reached us. on; over; through; over; through
26. run across偶然碰到 run after追逐;追捕 run away逃跑 run for竞选 run into偶然碰到困难遇见人;相撞 run out of用完
1 If you drive so fast; you'll run _________ someone some day. 2 I ran __________ a friend of mine in the exhibition.
3 Our water has run __________. Can you fill up some more bottles 4 Why do you always run __________ adventure
5 He didn't want to run ___________ president that year. 6 In that way you will only run __________ difficulties. into; across/into; out; after; for; into
27. see off送行
see through看透;识破 see to照料;照管 28. send for派人去请 send off送行 send out发出光亮等 send up发射 29. set up建立
set off出发;触发;引起 set out动身;着手to do;陈述 set about开始着手doing set to workn.开始做 set back拨回;使推迟
1 I shall set my watch ___________ by five minutes.
2 We set __________ reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang.
3 We set _________ at daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever since then. 4 I set __________ to advise him not to drink.
5 What were the reasons he set ___________ in his report
6 The president set __________ a special group of soldiers to guard him. 7 The unpopular law set _________ a series of protests. back; about; off/out; out; out; up; off 30. take off脱掉;起飞 take on呈现 雇佣 take away拿走 take in吸收;领会 take up从事;占用时间空间
take down记录;取下 take back收回 take for误认为 take along随身带
take over接管 take out
1 I take _________ all I said about his dishonesty. 2 He went to the shelf and took __________ a book of poems. 3 At first I took him _________ a doctor.
4 I can see that most of you have taken ________ everything that the teacher taught. 5 Bill has now taken __________ his father's business. 6 My job takes __________ most of my time.
7 The boss took ____________ twenty people for his new company. back; down; for; in; over; up; on
take charge of负责; take sth. for granted想当然; take hold of抓住; take pride in以… ……为自豪; take the place of; 代替take turns to do轮流做; take office就职
31. think of想起 think of…as把…看作 think out想出 think up想出 think about考虑 think over仔细考虑 think well of sb. 对某人看法好 32. turn off / on打开
turn over翻身;反复考虑;翻书页;翻转 turn out证明为;结果;制造成品 turn to转向;求助 turn down调低;拒绝 turn against变得敌视;反对 turn away打发走;驱逐;转过脸去 turn back返回;转回去 turn round转过身来
turn up向上翻;露面;出现;音量调大 turn in上缴
turn upside down把倒置;弄得乱七八糟
1 The child turned __________ its mother for comfort. 2 Turn ___________ and let me see your face.
3 However much he turned the problem ________ in mind; he could find no satisfactory solution.
4 The English evening party turned _________ a great success.
5 The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear; and she turned _______. 6 The football stadium was full; and many people had to be turned __________. 7 The army turned him ___________ on account of 因为 his poor health. 8 She turned the whole house ___________ in her search for her missing purse. 9 Where did your purse turn ____________ I found it in the snow.
10 The villagers suddenly turned __________ the foreigners who lived nearby. 11 The factory turns ____________ 2000 new cars last year.
to; round; over; out; away; away; down; upside down; up; against; out
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