自然地理学.docx

自然地理学发

自然地理学

摘要：本文就自然地理学的研究对象、内容，相关学科，发展历程，当今前沿领域以及自然力力学未来的趋势进行了简单的阐述。

关键词：自然地理环境 自然地理学分支 自然地理发展趋势

自然地理学，地理学分支之一。研究自然环境或其组成部分的科学。按研究的特点，自然地理学可分为综合性和部门性的两组分支科学。综合性的分支科学有综合自然地理学、区域自然地理学、古地理学等。部门性的分支科学有地貌学、气候学、水文地理学、生物地理学、冰川学等。狭义的自然地理学仅指综合自然地理学，部门自然地理学已逐步发展成为一门的学科。狭义的自然地理学仅指综合自然地理学。 一、自然地理学的研究对象

自然地理学的研究对象是自然地理环境，包括只受到人类间接或轻微影响，而原有自然面貌未发生明显变化的天然环境，和长期受到人类直接影响而使原有自然面貌发生重大变化的人为环境。自然地理环境是指地球表面，具有一定厚度的圈层，即岩石圈、水圈、

随着自然地理学的发展以及与许多自然科学发生联系，形成了众多的分支学科。按研究的特点，自然地理学可分为综合性的和部门性的两组分支学科。

综合性的分支学科有综合自然地理学、区域自然地理学、古地理学和历史自然地理学等。综合自然地理学是研究自然地理环境整体的综合特征的学科。区域自然地理学是研究某一特定地区的自然地理要素之间的相互关系和自然地理环境的特征、结构、发展变化的学科，也是区域地理学的分支学科。古地理学是研究和重建地质时期地球表面自然地理现象的学科。历史自然地理学是研究近一万年来人类历史时期自然地理环境的变化及其规律的学科，也是历史地理学的分支学科。另外，有普通自然地理学，它是研究自然地理环境的物质组成、结构特征形成和变化规律的学科，也有人认为它是综合自然地理学的分支学科。

部门性的分支学科有地貌学、气候学、水文地理学，土壤地理学、生物地理学、冰川学、冻土学、化学地理学和医学地理学等。地貌学、

气候学、水文地理学、土壤地理学、生物地理学是在研究自然地理环境整体的基础上以自然地理环境的某一成分为研究对象，研究其组成、结构、动态及分布等特征和规律。它们的形成与某些自然科学有关，是自然地理学与相邻的其他科学的边缘学科。地貌学又称地形学，是研究地球表面的形态特征、成因、分布及其演变规律的学科，是自然地理学与地质学的边缘学科。气候学是研究气候特征、形成、分布和演变规律，以及气候与其他自然因子和人类活动的关系的学科，是自然地理学与大气科学的边缘学科。水文地理学，研究地球表面各类水体的性质、形态特征变化与时程分配，以及分布规律的学科，是自然地理学与水文学的边缘学科。 土壤地理学是研究土壤与地理环境的关系的学科，是自然地理学与土壤学的边缘学科。植物地理学是研究植被空间分布规律的学科，是自然地理学与植物学的边缘学科。动物地理学是研究动物在地璋表面的分布及其生态地理规律的学科，是自然地理学与动物学的边缘学科。

以独特的自然综合体或自然地理环境的某一方面为研究对象的分支学科有：冰川学是研究地球表面各种自然冰体的形成、特征、发育及其分布规律的学科。

冻土学是研究冻土的形成、特征、发育及其分布规律的学科。化学地理学是研究地理环境的化学组成和化学元素的分布、迁移转化规律的学科，是自然地理学与化学的边缘学科。医学地理学是研究人群疾病和健康状况的地理分布、与地理环境的关系，以及医疗保健机构和设施地域合理配置的学科。它既是地理学与医学的边缘学科，也是应用地理学的分支学科。此外，还有环境地理学、海洋地理学、荒漠学、河流学、沼泽学等分支学科。 四、自然地理学的发展历程

一般可以把自然地理学的发展分为如下三个阶段：十八世纪末到十九世纪前期，以著名的德国科学家亚历山大·洪堡德的科学活动与学术著作为界，以前为第一阶段。在此阶段中，自然地理学还处于经验积累的时期，主要以了解地理事实、记录山川形势、游历四方奇胜、进行探险发现等活动为主。从洪堡德开始直至本世纪六十

年代，为自然地理学的第二阶段。在此阶段中，已不把某一项自然现象只看成孤立的、彼此无关的静态组合，而是力求从众多的地理现象中，采用比较的方法，追索它们之间的因果关系。逐步地认识到自然环境是一个统一的整体，其间的自然要素互相联系、互相制约、互相作用，并且从综合的而不是单一的、集中的而不是分散的、深入的而不是表象的、动态的而不是静止的等观点，总结出了一些很有价值的自然地理规律，例如著名的自然地理地带性规律，就发端于洪堡德，并经过的道库恰也夫乃至随后许多人的深入探讨，才逐步臻于完善。同时自然地理学中的各个部门，例如地貌学、气候学、水文学、生物地理学、土壤地理学、地图学等，在此一阶段都获得了突飞猛进的发展。。从1960 年以后到现在，可视为自然地理学发展的第三阶段。在这个阶段里，企图进一步以定量的精确判断来取代定性的文字描述；以预测和模拟代替对现状的分析和说明；以抽象的反映本质的数学模型去反映具体的庞杂的自然地理现象；以合理的趋势推导与类推法，去代替简单的因果关系分析；以先进的技术手段去革新传统的研究方法。世界地理学

领域在这一阶段所出现的“地理”、“计量地理”、“解释学派”（亦称“剑桥学派”）等，都不同程度地反映了这种趋势。现代自然地理学，在经历了这几个发展阶段之后，现正处于一个即将突破的边缘。近十余年来的酝酿，1976 年在莫斯科召开的第23 届国际地理学大会上所反映出来的动向，都说明了这一点。自然地理学向何处去？已经引起世界各国地理学家们的深切关注。近代地理学兴起的“故乡”之一——德国，从洪堡德、李戴尔、李希霍芬、彭克等时代起，在长达一个世纪的进程中，仍然保持着传统的统一思想。他们逐渐感到对于“基础理论的研究是不够的”。许多应用地理学家一再提出需要发展地理学基础理论，并希望把这种理论应用到预测性的工作中，以代替大量的、描述性的传统地理学。

德国的这一思想，应当认为是有普遍意义的。 五。当今自然地理学的前沿领域

当今自然地理学的前沿领域主要包括以下几个方面：

1、土地利用与土地覆被变化：研究内容涉及土地利用和土地覆被的状况及其历史变迁，土

地利用和土地覆被变化的驱动因子分析。土地利用和土地覆被变化与全球气候变化的相互作用，土地利用和土地覆被变化与耕地、粮食、土地退化等可持续发展重点问题的相互关系，现有土地利用方式的可持续性及其途径等。 2、自然地域系统的综合研究：从全球环境变化和区域可持续发展研究的需要出发，研究世界自然区域系统划分方案，是地域分异研究进入全球的重要领域之一。以地域单元作为重要层次从整体上进行自然与人文的综合研究，可以了解人类活动对自然界的作用以及自然界对人为影响的反馈，也是地理学探讨和协调人地关系的必要途径。自然地域系统的综合研究，要求在自然界平衡原理的指导下，揭示地域分异规律及其物质能量基础。将区域单元作为资源与环境的整体，研究其土地自然生产潜力和人口承载力，．探讨环境影响评价、环境变化方向，加强诊断分析和预测预报。

3、全新世环境演变：全新世地理环境是人类与自然相互作用的舞台，需要从多角度、多层次分析环境动态，总结演变规律，区分自然过程和人类活动的影响。在空间上主要选择敏感地

域，时间上选择特征时期开展研究。从全球环境变化领域看，过去2000年环境变化踪迹是研究的重点。从技术上看，不同类型的高分辨率古环境代用资料的分析与校准是古环境重建的关键。 4、自然地理界面过程：自然地理过程的研究正在朝微观深化和宏观综合两个方向发展，主要内容包括坡地侵蚀发育过程与坡地的改良利用、水文循环过程与水量转化、土地退化过程及其逆转机制、土壤——植物——大气连续系统、多界面过程的复杂耦合理论与模型等。 六、自然地理学未来展望

随着人类活动对自然界扰动强度的不断增大 自然地理学研究对象的本体特征被重新解构自然地理学出现了 多元化 发展的趋势 表现为自然地理学的 文化转向自然地理学 政治化和 生态化 倾向等自然地理学的 文化转向 是顺应全球化发展趋势 解决人口 资源与环境之间的矛盾以及在自然地理学领域里出现的一系列重大问题而产生的地理学知识领域的学术变革和范式转折 也是对传统自然地理学研究视角和方的创新[6]其科学命题包括 如何知 认识和设计自然或景观 以综合的地理观研究技术 文

化和自然资源之间相互联系 生态系统和人类社会系统之间的复杂相互作用[5]自然地理学 政治化 倾向表征为 开始注重自然态系统时空格局以及自然资源利用强度的区域差异与人类福祉及社会公平正义的关系 如土壤侵蚀和土地退化的社会原因和后果 自然资源配置和利用及其后果 以及生态系统服务功能与生计之间的关系等自然地理学的 生态化 倾向表征为生态学的关系型范式在自然地理过程研究中得到广泛应用 生态 物 地理过程与地域划分研究在自然地理学中的重要性不断提高自然地理学在大尺度生态课题研究中发挥越来越重要作用 如全球尺度的碳格局研究等区域性的生态模拟与评价 生态系统服务功能与 LUCC 及区域可持续发展之间的关系将会成为自然地理学关注的重要议题。

Physical geography

Abstract: in this paper, the natural geography research object, content, related disciplines, development process, trends in frontier areas and natural mechanics in the future are explained.

Keywords: branch of natural geography development trend of natural geography environment

The natural geography, geography of a branch of the.Study on the natural environment or its part of

science.According to the characteristics of natural geography, can be divided into two groups of branch of science and Department of comprehensive.Comprehensive branch of science have integrated physical geography, regional geography, ancient geography.The branch of Science Department of the geomorphology, climatology, hydrology, glaciology, biogeography.Natural geography

in narrow sense only means of integrated physical geography, physical geography has gradually developed into an independent discipline.Natural geography in narrow sense only means of integrated physical geography.

The object of study, a natural geography The research object of physical geography is the natural geographical environment, including only by human indirect or slightly affected, but the original natural appearance did not change significantly in the natural environment, and has long been the direct human influence the original natural appearance of man-made environment have changed.Natural geographical environment refers to the surface of the earth, with a certain thickness of layers, which is a special layer of lithosphere, hydrosphere, interval of atmosphere, biosphere interaction, mutual penetration.It is earth's energy and

biological energy, is formed by the action of solar radiation in the, much more complex than in other spheres of the earth.Here a variety of solid, liquid, gaseous material also exist stably and mutual

penetration.Only in this part of the earth have the conditions of biological

production and reproduction, and become a powerful factor in the further development of the biosphere.After the arrival of humans, and become the human life and production activities of the environment. The research content two, natural geography

The research content of natural geography with the development of more and more widely, discipline, but mainly to study the characteristics of natural geography composition, structure, dynamics and development rules of origin; the study of the interaction between the natural and geographical composition, dynamic process

of circulation and transformation between matter and energy; variation of natural geographical environment region; Geography Department of natural and synthetic natural geographical features of each area, evaluation and natural conditions and natural resources, and provide scientific basis for regional development; study of human disturbance, the control of the artificial environment changes in the characteristics, development trend and existing problems, to seek the ways and measures of rational utilization. Branches three, natural geography and related disciplines

With the development of the natural geography and contact with a lot of natural science, has formed many branch disciplines.According to the

characteristics of natural geography, can be divided into two groups of branches and departments of comprehensive.

Comprehensive branch of a comprehensive physical geography, regional geography, ancient geography and historical

geography.Integrated physical geography is the comprehensive characteristics of the overall study of geographical discipline.Regional geography is the variation characteristics, relationship between the natural geographical factors of a particular area and natural geographical environment, development of the discipline, discipline and regional geography.The ancient geography is the study of the earth surface and reconstruction of geological time natural geographical phenomenon discipline.Historical geography is the study of changes in the past ten thousand years of human history and natural geographical environment and rules of discipline, discipline is a branch of historical geography.In addition, a general physical geography, it is and the change law

of natural geographical environment, material composition, structure

characteristics of the formation of the subject, some people think it is a branch of integrated physical geography.

Branch departments of the geomorphology, climatology, hydrology, soil, geography, biogeography, glaciology, Geocryology, chemical geography and medical geography.Geomorphology, climatology, hydrology, soil, geography, biogeography is based on the overall research of natural geographical environment in a component of natural geographical environment as the research object, study the composition, structure, dynamics and distribution characteristics and rules.Their formation is associated with some natural science, is the scientific discipline of natural geography and adjacent.Geomorphology and topography, is the study of the earth's surface morphological characteristics,

origin, distribution and evolution of discipline, is a marginal discipline of natural geography and geology.Climatology is, climatic characteristics of the formation, distribution and evolution of discipline, and the relationship between climate and other natural factors and human activities, is a marginal discipline of natural geography and atmospheric

science.Hydrology, properties of all kinds of earth's surface water, the morphological changes and time distribution, and the distribution rules and disciplines, is a marginal discipline of natural geography and hydrology.Soil geography is to study the relationship between soil and geographical environment of the subject, is a marginal discipline of natural geography and soil science.Plant geography is the distribution of vegetation spatial discipline, is a marginal discipline of natural geography and botany.Animal geography is the study of

animal in Zhang surface distribution and ecological geography of the discipline, is a marginal discipline of natural geography and animal science.

A natural complex or unique natural and geographical environment as the branch of the study objects are: Glaciology is formed of the surface of the earth, natural ice body feature, development and distribution rules of discipline.

Permafrost is formed, research on frozen soil characteristics, development and distribution rules of discipline.Chemical geography is distribution, chemical composition and chemical elements of the geographical environment of the migration and transformation rules of discipline, is a marginal discipline of natural geography and chemistry.Medical geography is the relationship between the geographical distribution of population, disease and health status and geographical environment,

as well as the subject of rational allocation of medical and health

institutions and facilities area.It is both geography and medical interdisciplinary, applied geography is the branch.In addition, there are environmental geography, geography of the ocean, desert, river, swamp science branch.

Four, development of natural geography The general development of natural geography can be divided into the following three stages: late eighteenth Century to early nineteenth Century, the German scientist Alexander famous? Scientific activities and academic works of Humboldt's for the community, for the first phase of.In this stage, the natural geography is still in the period of experience, to understand geographical facts, records and situation, travel, adventure activities such as Clipsal found.From Humboldt until the beginning of this century sixty time, as the

natural geography of the second stage.In this stage, has not put a natural phenomenon as static combination of isolated, independent of each other, but to the geographical phenomenon many, uses the method of comparison, recourse to the causal relationship between them.Gradually realized that the natural environment is a unified whole, natural factors which restrict each other, mutual connection, interaction, and from comprehensive rather than a single, centralized and decentralized, not deep and is not a representation of the dynamic, rather than static point of view, some very valuable natural law is summed up, such as the famous natural geographical zonality, it originated in Humboldt, and after the Russian tawhku it also husband and even then many people deeply, it gradually perfected.At the same time, the various departments in physical geography,

geomorphology, climatology, hydrology, such as biological geography, soil geography, cartography, at this stage have make a spurt of progress of

development..From 1960 to now, can be regarded as the third phase in the development of natural geography.At this stage, in an attempt to further in order to accurately judge the quantitative instead of qualitative description; instead of the analysis and explanation to the prediction and Simulation of the status quo; to abstract mathematical model reflects the nature to reflect the complex nature of geographic phenomenon specific; at a reasonable trend derived and analogy method, analysis of causal relation to replace simple; by the method of the advanced technology to reform the traditional.World geography at this stage of the appearance of \"geographical revolution\geography\

\"Cambridge school\"), different level land reflects this trend.Modern natural geography, after several stages of development, is now in an upcoming breakthroughs.In recent ten years in the making, the twenty-third International Congress of Geography in 1976 held in Moscow on reflected trends, illustrates this point.Physical geography: where to go?Has caused deep concern the world

geologists.The rise of modern geography in the \"home\" -- one of Germany, from Humboldt, Li Dell, Richthofen, Peng g, times, in a century of progress, still maintained a unified thought tradition.Gradually they felt for the \"basic theory research is not enough\".Many geographers repeatedly raised the need of the development of geography theory, and hope to apply this theory to the prediction of work, to the traditional geography instead of a number, descriptive. This thought in Germany, should be

considered universal significance. Five.A frontier field of physical geography

The frontier fields of modern natural geography mainly include the following: 1, the land use and land cover change: research content relates to land use and land cover condition and historical changes, analysis of the driving factors of land use and land cover change.Land use and land cover change of the interaction between and global climate change, land use and land cover change and land relationship problems, food, land degradation and sustainable development of key, existing land use sustainability and regulation approach. comprehensive study of

2, natural geographical system: from the perspective of the need for global environmental change and sustainable development research, research division of world natural regional system, is one of the

important areas of regional differentiation research into global.Geographical unit as a comprehensive study of natural and human important level on the whole, can understand the role of human activities on the nature and nature of feedback anthropogenic influence, is a necessary way of geography study and harmony between human and nature.The comprehensive study on natural geographical system requirements in the balance of nature, the guiding principle, to reveal the rules of regional differentiation and the energy

foundation.The regional units as resources and environment as a whole, the land of the natural production potential and population bearing capacity,. Discussion on environmental impact assessment,

environmental change direction, strengthen the diagnostic analysis and prediction. 3, the Holocene environmental evolution of Holocene geographical environment:

interaction between human and nature is the stage, need to analyze the dynamic environment from the multiple perspectives, multi-level, summarizes the evolution law, distinguish the effects of natural processes and human activities.In space mainly choose sensitive region, time period to carry out research on feature selection.From the field of global environmental change, the past 2000 is the focus of the study of environmental change.From a technical point of view, analysis and calibration of high resolution paleoenvironmental proxy data types is the key palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. 4, the natural geographical interface process: a study of the physical geography process is in micro and macro to deepen the comprehensive two directions, the main contents include improved erosion of slope land development and land use, hydrological cycle and water transformation, a process of

land degradation and its reversal mechanism, soil plant atmosphere -- -- continuous system, multiple interface process the complex coupling theory and model. Six, the natural geography prospect With the development of human activities on the nature of the disturbance intensity increasing natural geography research object ontology is to deconstruct the natural geography appeared diversified development trend of natural geography culture to natural geography politics and ecological tendency of cultural turning in physical geography is conform to the trend of globalization to solve the contradiction between population resources and environment as well as in the physical geography field appeared in a series of major issues arising from the geography knowledge in the field of academic innovation and paradigm transition is the traditional geography research perspective

and methodology innovation [6] the scientific proposition includes how cognition and natural design or landscape comprehensive geographical concept of cultural and natural resources of the linkages between ecosystems and human social system for the complex interplay between [5] Natural Science political tendency is characterized as the natural state of the system began to focus on temporal and spatial pattern and natural resource use intensity of regional differences and human well-being and social equity and justice of the relationship between soil erosion and land degradation of social causes and consequences of natural resource allocation and utilization and its effects onThe service function and livelihood and ecological system between the natural geography